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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are 3 main goals of conservation bio? |
document full range of species investigate human impact, genetic variation protect biodiversity, ecological processes |
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What are the assumptions of the ethical principles |
diversity, evolution, ecological complexity are good, extinction is bad diversity has intrinsic value |
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John Muir |
dedicated to protection and preservation after he regained his sight and could see the world. founded sierra club helped start Yellowstone basis of deep ecology |
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Preservation Ethic |
coined by John Muir, thought that people and nature have a connection that is spiritual and intrinsic. |
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Gifford Pinchot |
founded forestry, balanced amount of timber used, came up with 1,2 principles, which stated multiple use sustained yield and efficient use doctrines, respectively |
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Aldo Leopod |
wrote sand county almanac came up with evolutionary ecological land ethic, to integrate humans into ecosystems, beginning of modern ecology |
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What are the 3 main types of biodiversity |
genetic, species, ecosystem |
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how is diversity measured within a population? |
cladogram counting species "richness" |
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alpha |
number of species in a specific site, then average |
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gamma |
number of species in a region |
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beta |
gamma/alpha, rate of change along environmental gradient |
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Biological species definition |
breeding defines, most common, different for plants |
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Why must we define a species? |
shows what we are protecting Endangered species act only protects specific species, such as Gunnison Sage Grouse |
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Where is most of the worlds biodiversity found |
tropical forest contain 1/2, lots of insects |
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What contains second most biodiversity? |
coral reefs, which have species richness due to many niches, more wide dispersal of species
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What contains third most biodiversity |
mediterranean communities defined by moist winters and hot dry summers, contain most plant species species richness inc with dec elevation and inc precipitation |
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what leads to genetic variation concerning land? |
isolation |
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specific species protection |
example is endemic bird areas, miss rare species if only include highest diversity, look at the utility |
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keystone species |
often predators, maintain health of environment wolves in Yellowstone |
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indicator species |
canary in coal mine |
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umbrella species |
associated with other species, share habitat |
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flagship |
attract interest in conservation, killer whales |
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biodiversity indicators |
most diversity occurs with topography and mediterranean climate,rain forests must also consider armed conflict regions, as these may be impossible to work in |
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centers of biodiversity |
representative sites of as many types of ecological communities should be conserved example is Nature conservancy, whose goal is to protect 10% of the ocean |
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Establishing wildlife areas |
Costa Rica uses natural resources to generate economic growth |
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How do we determine which species are saved? |
ones that humans are willing to |
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What happens with more interactions btw species |
more pathogens and pests, higher death rate |
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ecological economics |
goal is sustainability, loss of ecosystems is due to economic pursuits |
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Adam Smith |
believed all costs and benefits are felt by all humans, therefore people would try to protect |
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externalities |
hidden costs or benefits example is Silvery Minnow |
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market failure |
when a few benefit at a cost to larger society, net loss to all |
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what is major factor of economic change |
land conversion, balance btw private land and shared interests |
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What economic indicator does not take into account environmental factors |
GDP |
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Why is ecosystem biodiversity important |
other species have right to thrive provide services prevent collapse for future generations |
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Use values |
direct use, such as consumption or production, or indirect use, or all others |
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non use values |
existence, protection, maintaining a culture and ecological processes |
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Direct use |
goods consumed locally, highest in traditional societies example is medicines traditions may no longer be sustainable due to non nomadic lifestyles |
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indirect uses |
ecosystem services, nonrecoverable after degradation, example is ecotourism |
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option value |
future, prospects of future value, hardest to quantify because currently nonexistent |
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discount rate |
rate at which society discounts future, given a lower value because not as important as current needs |
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existence value |
nature has the right to exist uses cost benefit analysis Example- management options for logging, fishing, tourism in the Philippeans |
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Precautionary principle |
better to error on side of no harm |
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Reverse subsidies |
appearance of profit for many destructive activities |
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Do species have a current market value |
no |
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extirpated |
locally extinct |
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ecologically extinct |
population too small to survive in the wild |
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How many species are lost per year |
100-10000
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Why is current extinction different |
more species, many megafona disappearing at rapid rate not balanced by evolution of other species anymore rapid habitat loss |
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What is current rate of extinction |
1%, used to be infinitely less |
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When was there a slowing of extinction |
1950 when definition of extinction was changed and people began protecting species |
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Triage for extinction |
limited geographic range, few populations small population size used for harvesting or hunting |
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endemism |
naturally found in a single area |
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neoendemics |
newly spectated via hybridization |
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paleoendemics |
ancient species with few living relatives |
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what are main causes of endemism |
limited geography due to boundaries islands species may not be easily dispersed live in a pristine environment form temporary aggregations, or groups no prior contact with people threatened/extinct relatives |
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What does more individuals in a population lead to |
higher death rate because of competition and disease lower birth rate because of competition for resources |
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Allee effect |
death rate inc but birth rate inc then dec |
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IUCN |
categorizes species at risk, gives recommendations but no legal protection Red List |
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EX |
extinct |
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EW |
extinct in wild |
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CR |
critically endangered |
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DD |
data deficient |
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NT |
near threatened |
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NE |
not evaluated |
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Natural Heritage Program |
local state level, funded by grants, donations, programs looks at remaining populations, number of locations, degree of threat 1-5, most to least in danger G is global S is state N is national |
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Fish and Wildlife Service |
federal level of protection LE is endangered LT is threatened "candidates are not protected |
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where do plants have protection |
only on federal land |
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What is greatest threat to worlds species |
habitat loss, then overexploitation |
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fragmentaton |
continuous are reduced in size and then divided |
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Island Biogeographical Model |
developed by MacArthur and Wilson said species richness of islands can be modeled as a dynamic balance btw immigration and extinction |
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small islands |
have fever niches, have higher extinction, have fewer species |
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far islands |
long travel distance, have lower immigration, have fewer species |
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more species leads to what on islands |
lower rate of immigration, higher rate of extinction |
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phenology |
study of relationship btw climate and seasonal timing of biological phenom a bird migration, plant blooming |
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USA Global Change Research Project |
informations of observed, current, future patterns plan is to make policy, modernize, manage, and provide info and tools |
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National Climate Assessment Indicator System |
system of social, ecological, societal indicators that show climate, vulnerabilities |
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what can we do to change climate change |
improve understanding of effects on variability of phenology more data collection across high density locations |