Connective Tissue

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Connective Tissue Proper

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Forms a compartment separated from all other tissues by the basal or external lamina. it is a distensible compartment that can expand by the influx of fluid and cells depending on the physiology/pathological situation

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Blood

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Type of connective tissue that develops from the mesenchyme and consists of cells and cell derivatives that are immersed in a fluid intercellular plasma

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Plasma

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Fluid intercellular substance holding blood cells and cell derivatives

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Connective Tissue Resident Cells

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Fibroblasts
Reticular Cells
Fat Cells
Mast Cells
Macrophages

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Fibroblasts

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cells of ordinary connective tissue responsible for production of both ground substance and fibers.

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Reticular Cells

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stellate-shaped cells found in hemopoietic tissues that produce reticular fibers, composed of Type 3 collagen

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Fat Cells

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Store triglycerides

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Types of Fat Cells

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Unilocular (single fat globule) and Multilocular (multiple fat droplets)

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Mast Cells

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Bone-marrow derived cells that have large secretory granules that store pharmacologically active substances like heparin and histimine. They release their granules when IgE attached to their surfaces bind antigen.

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Where Mast Cells are often found

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Lined up along small blood vessels

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Macrophages

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Garbage collectors, derived from blood monocytes that phagocytose foreign material

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Giant Cell

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Multiple macrophages fused together to surround foreign material too large for individual macrophages to phagocytose

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Migrant Cells of Connective Tissue

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Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Plasma Cells
Granulocytes

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Monocytes

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Have variable shaped nuclei with lace-like chromatin. They are larger than granulocytes. Cells derived from the stem cells in the bone marrow that travel via the blood and give rise to macrophages when they enter connective tissue. They contain azurphilic granules (lysosome).

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Lymphocytes

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Cells that are effectors of cellular immunity. They are responsible for recognizing self from nonself and elimination of virus-infected cells. They have a round nucleus and may be slightly indented. They are relatively small but size depends in whether they are inactive (small with densely stained nucleus) or active (larger with larger amounts of rough ER)

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Lymphocytes develop into...

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B-Cells develop into Plasma Cells
T-cells are involved in cell mediated cytotoxicity and the production of lymphokines.

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Plasma Cells

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Type of B-lymphocyte-derived cells that produce and secrete immunoglobulins

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Granulocytes

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Neutrophils and Eosinophils that migrate into connective tissue during certain inflammatory conditions

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Ground Substance

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Gel like substance that is a part of the extracellular matrix. It is composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins. Many components of the ground substances are soluble and extracted during fixation leaving blank spaces on slide.

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Proteoglycans

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Proteins with large, unbranched, highly charges polysaccharide chains. These negative side chains bind water, giving the ground substance a cell like character.

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Glycoproteins

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Proteins with shorter, branched, more neutral polysaccharide side chains

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Types of Fibers in Connective Tissue

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Collagen
Reticular
Elastic

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Collagen Fibers

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Fibers composed of bundles of fibrils that are linear arrays of type I collagen, arranged in a staggering fashion. Intermolecular cross-linking btw molecules imparts tensile strength. Appear light pink with H&E stain.

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Reticular Fibers

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Fibers made of Type III Collagen. They are thinner than Type I Collagen because they do not bundle to form thick fibers. Found in reticular lamina of basement membranesand in hemopoietic and lymphatic tissues. Not stained with H&E so need silver stains to visualize them.

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Elastic Fibers

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3D polymer of elastin proteins surrounded by a sheath of microfibrils. Allow connective tissue to stretch and recoil to its original shape.

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Microfibrils

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Fibers composed of the glycoprotein fibrillins. They create a sheath around elastic fibers.

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Loose Connective Tissue

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Cells are more prominent than in dense connective tissue. It's found beneath almost all epithelia (lamina propria) and serves to bind tissues together

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Lamina Propria

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Layer of loose connective tissue underlying epithelium. It carries blood vessels, lymphatics and nerved that supply the epithelium.

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Dense Connective Tissue

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Connective Tissue where fibers predominate. FIbers occur in bundles.

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Types of Dense Connective Tissue

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Dense Regular Connective- fibers arranged in closely packed, parallel bundles like in tendons and ligaments)
Dense Irregular- fiber bundles has no preferential arrangement like in sheaths of nerves and vessels, capsules of organs)

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Adipose Tissue

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Loose connective tissue where adipocytes predominate. This tissue is highly vascularized.

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Elastic Tissue

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Contains primarily elastic fibers and is limited in distribution to certain ligaments and the elastic laminae of larger arteries.

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Reticular Tissue

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Consists of reticular fibers an reticular cells. It forms the stroma (supportive tissue) of hemopoietic (blood forming) tissues and the liver.

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Mucoid Tissue

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Found in the umbilical cord

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Mesenchymal Tissue

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Embryonic, undifferentiated connective tissue.

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Cells of Peripheral Blood

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Platelets
Red Cells/Erthyrocytes
White Cells/Leukocytes

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Platelets

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Biconcave discs which contain no nucleus but have cellular organelles. Function to plug small breaks in blood vessels and prevent bleeding by initiating clotting. They adhere to connective tissue exposed at the damage site to initiate clotting.

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Red Blood Cells

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Erythrocytes
Reticulocytes

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Erythrocytes

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mature red cells, shaped like biconcave disk that lack a nucleus and most organelles. They contain hemoglobin that funtions in oxygen and carbon dioxide transport.

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Reticulocytes

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Immature RBC that lack a nucleus but retain some ribosomes. These ribosomes can be stained blue and form clumps. Usually found in low levels in blood unless there's an issue or stress.

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Leukocytes

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Category of cells containing Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

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Granulocytes

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Spherical cells that contain either aziophilic (nonspecific) or specific granules that contain either nonspecific or cell specific enzymes.

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Neutrophils

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Contain multilobed (up to 5 lobes) nucleus. Have small granules that stain pale pink, if at all. They function in antibacterial defense by containing proteins, lysozymes and enzymes that attack bacteria. They bind to cells covered by IgG and kill and digest them.

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Eosinophils

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Nucleus as 2-3 lobes and granules are large and eosinophilic (stained red). Main function in defense against parasites. Their granules contain proteins and enzymes targeting parasites.

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Basophils

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Contain 2-3 lobes nucleus and have large specific granules that stain blue. They contain heparin and histamine and other vasodilating agents. Similar granules to mast cells that cause an allergic reaction and play a role in general inflammation and immune response.

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Agranulocyte

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Monocytes and Lymphocytes which are cells that lack specific granules but may have non-specific ones.