Comparative Animal Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Superior

Back 1

Towards head (bipedal)

Front 2

Inferior

Back 2

Towards feet (bipedal)

Front 3

Rostral

Back 3

Towards nose (quadrapets)

Front 4

Dorsal

Back 4

Towards top (quadrapets)

Front 5

Ventral

Back 5

Towards (quadrapets)

Front 6

Cranial

Back 6

Towards head (quadrapets)

Front 7

Caudal

Back 7

Towards tail (quadrapets)

Front 8

Proximal

Back 8

Towards the center

Front 9

Distal

Back 9

Towards the outside

Front 10

Visceral

Back 10

Towards an internal organ

Front 11

Parietal

Back 11

Towards the wall

Front 12

Superficial

Back 12

Towards the surface

Front 13

Medullary

Back 13

Inner region

Front 14

Cortical

Back 14

Outer Region

Front 15

Afferent

Back 15

Towards a central part

Front 16

Efferent

Back 16

Away from a central part

Front 17

Juxta-

Back 17

adjacent to

Front 18

Tachy-

Back 18

Rapid

Front 19

Brady-

Back 19

Slow

Front 20

Ante-

Back 20

Before

Front 21

Post-

Back 21

After

Front 22

Hyper-

Back 22

Excessive, increased

Front 23

Hypo-

Back 23

Decreased, beneath

Front 24

Peri-

Back 24

Around

Front 25

Dys-

Back 25

Impaired

Front 26

A-

Back 26

Without

Front 27

Epi-

Back 27

Upon, outside of

Front 28

Endo-

Back 28

Within

Front 29

Erythr-

Back 29

Red

Front 30

Pyo-

Back 30

Pus

Front 31

-aemia

Back 31

Pertaining to blood

Front 32

-cyte

Back 32

Pertaining to a celll

Front 33

-ectomy

Back 33

Surgical removal of

Front 34

-genic

Back 34

Causing

Front 35

-ia/iasis

Back 35

Condition

Front 36

-itis

Back 36

Inflammation

Front 37

-oma

Back 37

Tumor or neoplasm

Front 38

-osis

Back 38

Disease

Front 39

Poly-

Back 39

Many

Front 40

-lysis

Back 40

Breakdown

Front 41

Arthr(o)

Back 41

Joint

Front 42

Cardi(o)

Back 42

Heart

Front 43

Chondro-

Back 43

Cartilage

Front 44

Cyst(o)

Back 44

Bladder

Front 45

Dermat(o)

Back 45

Skin

Front 46

Gloss(o)

Back 46

Tounge

Front 47

Haem(o)

Back 47

Blood

Front 48

Hepat(o)

Back 48

Liver

Front 49

Hist(o)

Back 49

Tissue

Front 50

Mamm(o)

Back 50

Breast

Front 51

Metra-/metro

Back 51

Uterus

Front 52

Myo-

Back 52

Muscle

Front 53

Neur(o)

Back 53

Nerve

Front 54

Oste(o)

Back 54

Bone

Front 55

Orchi-

Back 55

Testis

Front 56

Pneum(o)

Back 56

Air, Lungs

Front 57

-pnoea

Back 57

Breathing

Front 58

Ren-

Back 58

Kidney

Front 59

Rhin(o)

Back 59

Nose

Front 60

Trich(o)

Back 60

Hair

Front 61

Vas(o)

Back 61

Vessel/duct

Front 62

Iatrogenic

Back 62

Caused by treatment or intervention

Front 63

Idiopathic

Back 63

Of unknown origin or cause

Front 64

Homeostasis

Back 64

Maintenance of constancy of body variables despite varying environment

Front 65

Homeorhesis

Back 65

Long-term maintenance of body variables

Front 66

Explain conformity

Back 66

Internal environment permitted to vary when external environment changes.

Internal environment changes in relation to external environment

Front 67

Explain Regulation

Back 67

Internal environment held constant.

Maintain internal environment without relying on external environment

Front 68

What are the +/- of conformity

Back 68

+ does not require energy

-slower metabolic rate

Front 69

What are the +/- of regulation

Back 69

+Faster metabolic rate

-Requires energy

Front 70

What is the extracellular fluid made from?

Back 70

Plasma and intercellular fluid

Front 71

What is the role of extracellular fluid?

Back 71

Acts as a buffer for cells to keep the internal environment constant

Front 72

What are the 7 variables that can be regulated?

Back 72

Temperature, pH, blood pressure, mineral levels, vitamin levels, fluid pressures and sugar levels

Front 73

What are the vital signs in animals?

Back 73

Body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, ausculation

Front 74

How can you measure body temperature?

Back 74

Rectal, aural, oral, axilla or inguinal

Front 75

What is the normal temperature range of animals?

Back 75

Sheep: 38.3-38.9 (39.6)

Cattle: 38.8-39.3 (39)

Pig: 38.7-39.8 (39.3)

Horse: 37.3-38.2 (37.8)

Chicken: 40.5-42 (41.2)

Front 76

What is the normal pulse and respiration rate range of animals?

Back 76

Sheep: PR 60-80 RR 12-20

Cattle: PR 60-70 RR 18-28

Pig: PR 60-80 RR 8-18

Horse: PR 32-44 RR 8-16

Front 77

Endocrine secretion means that the hormone is secreted into the ______.

Back 77

Blood

Front 78

Exocrine secretion means the secretion is into a ______.

Back 78

Duct

Front 79

The hormone/receptor complex results in a _______ change in the receptor, which in turn produces an intracellular response.

Back 79

Biological

Front 80

An excessively high level of secretion of a hormone usually results in a reduction in receptor numbers on the cell. This is called_______.

Back 80

Downregulation

Front 81

Steroid hormones are synthesized from which molecule?

Back 81

Cholesterol

Front 82

Steroid hormones are ______ since they can cross the cell membrane

Back 82

Lipid soluble

Front 83

What are the 7 major releasing hormones?

Back 83

-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH

-Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone GnRH

-Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone GHIH

-Groth hormone-releasing hormone GHRH

-Corticotrophin-releasing hormone CRH

-Prolactin-releasing factor PRF

-Prolactin-inhibiting hormone PIH

Front 84

What hormone has a function in stress response and where is its target tissue?

Back 84

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone and it targets the adrenal gland

Front 85

What hormone targets the thyroid gland and what is its function?

Back 85

Thyroid stimulating hormone controls metabolic rate

Front 86

Growth hormone plays a role in _______ and targets ________.

Back 86

Growth and bones and muscles

Front 87

What two hormones target the gonads?

Back 87

Follicle stimulating hormone and Luteinising hormone

Front 88

What hormone has a role in milk synthesis?

Back 88

Prolactin

Front 89

Pain relief is controlled at the _______ due to the hormone, _______

Back 89

Opioid receptor and beta-endorphin

Front 90

The link between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is via _________.

Back 90

blood

Front 91

The link between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is via ________.

Back 91

neural connections

Front 92

ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin are synthesized in the neural cells of the hypothalamus, stored in _______ bodies and released by ______ from the posterior pituitary

Back 92

Herring, exocytosis

Front 93

Feedback loops from hormone levels to the hypothalamus are called ______feedback loops

Back 93

Long

Front 94

Feedback loops from the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus are called ______feedback loops

Back 94

Short

Front 95

Daily rhythms in hormone levels are called _____ rhythms

Back 95

Circadian

Front 96

What does the hypothalamus produce when under acute stress?

Back 96

Adrenaline

Front 97

What does the hypothalamus produce when under chronic stress?

Back 97

Cortisol

Front 98

Where is adrenaline produced?

Back 98

Adrenal medulla in the adrenal gland

Front 99

What are the three top layers of the adrenal gland?

Back 99

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciulata

Zona reticularis

Front 100

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

Back 100

Mineralocorticoids

Front 101

What does the zona fasciulata produce?

Back 101

Glucocorticoids

Front 102

What are the long term effects of glucocorticoid treatment?

Back 102

depressed immunity

skin thinning

osteroperosis

alopecia

dermatitis

obesity

Front 103

Why do you need to remove patients off glucocorticoid medication slowly?

Back 103

Drugs generally have a higher dosage of glucocorticoid compared to what the body makes while under chronic stress, therefore need to remove slowly as to not disrupt the levels.

Front 104

What are 6 markers for measuring stress in animals?

Back 104

Plasma cortisol levels

fecal cortisol

hair cortisol

behaviour

bio-markers

heart rate variation

Front 105

What is the difference between cushings syndrome and cushings disease?

Back 105

Syndrome caused from hypercortisolamin while disease is caused by a pituitary tumor causing excess ACTH production

Front 106

What are adverse effects arising from medical intervention called?

Back 106

Iatrogenic

Front 107

Adrenaline and noradrenaline are collectively known as the________

Back 107

Catacolamine

Front 108

Cushings disease in horses is due to excessive secretion of cortisol. What might cause sustained high cortisol levels?

Back 108

Tumor in pituitary, no negative feedback, excess ACTH

Front 109

Which hormones control metabolic rate? What mineral element is essential for their synthesis?

Back 109

T3 and T4, which both require iodine

Front 110

Why do thyroid glands enlarge in goitre?

Back 110

For hyper: overstimulation of TSH

For Hypo: excess T3, since no T4 can b produced

Front 111

What do beta cells in the pancreas regulate?

Back 111

Increase of insulin production due to increase plasma glucose

Front 112

What do alpha cells in the pancreas regulate?

Back 112

increase in glucagon secretion due to decrease in plasma glucose