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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
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How did We Begin - Fones' idea wsa always about dental hygiene and dental public health >> mass _ and _ treatment * use this when choosing the BEST answer* |
- education ; preventive |
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Promoting Health and Preventing Disease Within Groups - public health is concerned with the health of _ - the goal of public health is to _ and _ the health of the public across three essential domains: >> _ protection >> _ prevention >> _ promotion |
- all people - protect and promote >> health >> disease >> health |
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Public Health - former US Surgeon General Koop once stated that health care matters to us some of the time; however,public health matters to us _ - Public health is _ - concerned with the _ health of a group >> not limited to the health of the _, or a particular _ or _ >> not defined by _ sources nor _ - it is simply a concern for, and activity directed toward the _ and _ of the health of a population |
- all of the time - people's health - aggregate (cumulative) >> poor, service, nor problem >> payment , specific agencies - improvement and protection |
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Core Functions - Assessment - Policy development - Assurance - Serving all functions |
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Public Health Goals - prevent _ and the _ of disease - protect against _ - prevent _ - promote and encourage _ - respond to _ and assist communities in recovery - assure the _ and _ of health services - monitor health status to identify _ - _ and _ health problems and health hazards in the community - _,_, and _ people about health issues - mobilize community partnerships to _ and _ health problems - develop _ and _ that support individual and community health efforts - enforce _ and _ that protect health and ensure safety - link people to needed _ and assure that provision of healthcare when otherwise unavailable - assure a _ public health and personal health care workforce - evaluate _, _ and _ of personal and population based health services - research for new _ and _ solutions to health problems |
- epidemics ; spread
- environmental hazards - injuries - healthy behaviors - disasters - quality and accessibility - community health problems - diagnose and investigate - inform, educate, and empower - identify and solve - policies and plans - laws and regulations - personal health services - competent - effectiveness, accessibility, and quality - insights and innovative |
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Dental Public Health - the science and art of _ and _ dental disease and promoting dental health through organized community efforts - the delivery of oral health care, research and education, with an emphasis on the utilization of the _ to a target population |
- preventing and controlling - dental hygiene sciences |
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Factors Affecting Dental Public Health - _ values - _/_ to care - infrastructure - workforce - dental hygiene - oral health _ - _ population - malpractice - insurance |
- societal - accessing/accessibility - disparities (differences) - aging |
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Workforce - Dentists - Midlevel Provider - MN - Dental hygienists - dental assistants - dental therapists - denturists Role additions: - entrepreneur - corporate - professional roles |
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Prevention: Primary
- the employment of strategies and agents to forestall the _, reverse its _, or arrest its process before _ |
- onset - progress - treatment becomes necessary |
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Prevention: Secondary - employs routine treatment methods to _ and/or _ to as nearly normal as possible, can also be called _ |
- terminate the disease process - restore tissues - restorative care |
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Prevention: Tertiary - employs strategies to _ through _ |
- replace lost tissues - rehabilitation |
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Preventive Modalities - Dr. _ - community _ - _ therapies - dental hygiene treatment - dental sealants - athletic _ - alternative restorative therapies |
- Alfred Fones - water fluoridation - fluoride - mouthguards |
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Community Water Fluoridation - _ method to reduce dental caries - systemic: _ - topical: _ - beneficial to _ - school water fluoridation: _ levels of fluoride - _% of those served by public water supplies receive fluoridated water - well water: no way to fluoridate everyone's; if not naturally in well water _ - new guidelines: due to A/C and heat, discontinued ideal that areas with colder weather require _ fluoride and vice versa >> today, we are getting fluoride from many other sources, do not need as much in water - bottled water requirements: if advertised that contains fluoride, _; otherwise no regulations - defluoridation: have _ fluoride; needs to be removed - only valid argument against community water fluoridation is that the addition of fluoride to public water supply prevents _ |
- cost effective - children - children and adults - all individuals - high (since not there 24/7) - 70% - will not get fluoride - higher - have to say how much - too much fluoride - personal choice |
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Fluoride Preventive Modalities Systemic - water - foods - _ supplements - _ fluoridation - _ fluoridation Topical - toothpaste - mouthrinse - professionally applied: _, _, _ - fluoride _ |
- fluoride - salt - milk - gels, foams, rinses - custom trays |
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Dental Sealants - Effective in reducing _ - best when placed by a _ and _ - used in _ dental programs |
- pit and fissure caries - provider and assistant - school based |
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Preventive Modalities - Alternative restorative treatment (ART) - xylitol - _ counseling - _ screenings - _ mouthguards |
- nutritional - oral cancer - athletic |
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Mass Education and Promotion - scientific _ - _ information - _ data published |
- accuracy - factual - correct |
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Target Populations - a group of people with _ - in order to assure program effectiveness, it is helpful to have _ with your target population - dental hygienists must concentrate on teaching _, those individuals who _ |
- similar characteristics - contact - caregivers ; provide direct care to patients |
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Target Profiles - a _ of the target population that includes specific descriptions - sometimes termed _ >> location >> available resources >> partnerships |
- comprehensive overview - community profiles |
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Target Populations - leaders need to support program - some populations face obstacles when trying to access dental care; often termed _ >> common barriers: values, literacy, language, finances, fear, transportation, age, convenience - socioeconomic status (SES): includes _, _, _ and _ - SES relates to dental _ and _ - lower SES = _ caries |
- barriers - education, income, occupation, culture - disease and treatment - increased |
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Target Populations: Children - no community water fluoridation or well water with low fluoride = _ - _ and _ graders targeted for school sealant programs - _ = age specific/special needs |
- fluoride mouthrinse program in schools - 2nd and 6th graders - fluoride varnish |
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Culture - culture encompasses _, _ and _ and influences all aspects of life - Pluralism exists when numerous distinct _, _ or _ groups are present and tolerated within a society - Cultural competence: defined as the _ of and _ for an individual's/population's cultural differences, the recognition of how these differences impact a _ >> such as health care providers and the ability to communicate effectively and work cross-culturally |
- attitudes, values, and beliefs - ethnic, religious, or cultural - awareness ; respect ; specific group |
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Health Education - education of health behaviors that brings an individual to a state of _ |
health awareness |
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Health Promotion - the _ and _ of people on health behaviors |
informing and motivating |
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Behavior Change - when a target population adopts _ - first: provide effective _ - second: change values aimed at _ - result: _ - first _, then _ opinions and subsequent values about oral health - without motivation, no _ can take place - _ must take place |
- positive health behaviors - dental health education - improving health - healthy behavior - teach ; change - learning - value adoption |
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Health Education Theories - health belief model: for an individual to display readiness to take action to _ or to act in a _ >> he/she would need to believe he/she was susceptible and that the disease has serious consequences - stages of learning depicts an individual's natural progress from _ to _ - social cognitive theory: postulates that knowledge, behavior, and environment act in a reciprocal manner to _ >> self efficacy: the main construct of the SCT, is the belief that one's _ will have an impact on _ |
HBM - avoid disease ; preventive manner SCT - continually affect each other - actions ; outcome |
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Behavior Change - classical conditioning suggests that individuals become conditioned to specific stimuli to _ - operant conditioning is based on the concepts of _ - modeling behavior can facilitate learning through _ |
- act in a specific way - rewards and punishments - imitation |
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Learning Principles - _ of the group is necessary for learning to take place - parents, school teacher, etc. should serve as role models during the year on positive dental health _ and _ - the first step is to _ >> this is a _ of the final outcome that the instructor expects from the target group upon completion of the presentation - domains of learning: >> psychomotor: the describe _ >> cognitive: to describe _ >> affective: to describe _ - levels of learning: >> knowledge: >> application >> problem solving - objective: involves a specific, observable _/_ that a learner will perform or exhibit >> includes: target group, condition, measurement |
- involvement - values and behaviors - identify the goal >> broad statement - actions - behavior - feelings - action/behavior |
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Effective Teacher Characteristics - ability to _ with students - enthusiasm - flexibility - _ knowledge - _ skills - patience - _ personality - willingness to _ |
- interact - broad - organization - pleasant - learn |
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Department of Health and Human Services - US public health service - National institutes of Health - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention - Food and Drug Administration - Indian Health Services - Health Resources and Services Administration - Administration for Children and Families - Centers for Medicare and Medicaid State Influence on Dental Care Delivery - State Dental Divisions: consultative in nature - Medicaid: title XIX (19) of social security act -CHIPS - Prisons - Tribal Clinics - Institutions - Community Clinics |
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Dental Care Delivery - Need: a normative, professional judgment as to the _ and _ of health care services required to attain or maintain health - Demand: the _ or _ of dental care from a population - Supply: the _ of dental care services available - Utilization: the number of dental care services _ |
- amount and kind - particular frequency ; desired frequency - quantity - actually consumed |
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Social Advocacy - dental hygienists are advocates for patients health by: >> affecting change in _ >> change in _ >> change in _ >> change in the _ through the legislative and regulatory systems |
- their behavior - dental office protocols - products used - practice of dental hygiene |
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Social Advocates - social advocates/change agents are individuals who cause _, _, or _ change; be it intentional or unintentional - they cannot be effective without the collaboration of others who are motivated by _ and _ factors to pursue change - they are good at _ - they know what resources are available and know the position of those who _ - social advocates implement change in regard to how dental care is _, who is able to _, and how to ensure _ - change in dental public health should be a _ and _ of dental hygienists |
- social, cultural, or behavioral - external or internal - empowering others - oppose changes - delivered ; receive it ; sustainability of a program - primary concern and interest |
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Collaboration and Partnership - the process of working together towards _ - two or more organizations or individuals who work on a task of _ and _ - strengthened through _ - _ is vital |
- a common goal - mutual interest and benefit - networking - cooperation |
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Coalition Building - come in a variety of forms: permanent, temporary, single, or multi-issue - increases the potential for success in creating _, increasing _, creating a _, and developing _ to complex problems |
- policy change, public knowledge, network, innovative solutions |
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Public Health Law - there are three major areas of public health law: >> Police Power: those enforced by _ (regulate dental boards, and emergency health operations) >> Disease and Injury Prevention: includes _ activities (prevention initiatives, OSHA) >> the Law of Populations: analyzes issues using _ and can be applied to health issues (environmental law, community water) |
- government agencies - legal - epidemiology |
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Legislative Initiatives - within the last decade, RDHs in many states have been given authority to provide dental hygiene without the _ - the US Public Health Services created to provide dental services to Alaskan Natives |
- supervision of dentists |
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Laws - the laws that affect dental hygiene practice are enacted and enforced by _ - these laws are developed by the _ - dental boards enforce these laws |
- individual states - legislature |
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Dental Public Health Programs - School based models >> sealant programs, school based programs, mobile clinics, swish and spit, athletic mouthguards - head start programs: >> fluoride varnish - nursing home/healthcare facilities |
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Assessment (Needs Assessment) - assess via _, _ data - populations _ (dental index) - populations _ - facility _ and _ - workforce _ and _ - _ resources - _ needed |
- surveys, existing - dental needs - demographics - availability and state - needed and available - existing - funding |
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Planning - Dental hygiene diagnosis: >> prioritize _ >> diagnose to provide _ and _ for "blueprint" - develop _ - identify methods to _ goals - address _ and possible _ - _ should be evaluated - _ should be evaluated - _ should administer the evaluation - _ should the evaluation be conducted - _ should the evaluation be conducted |
- needs - goals ; objectives - blueprint - measure - constraints ; alternatives - what - who - who - when - how |
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Implementation - begin program operation - _ and make _ identified - identify _ and operation management |
- revise ; changes - workforce |
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Evaluation - measure to determine _ in meeting goals via surveys and dental indexes - make _ and _ evaluation >> qualitative: _ data such as perceptions and attitudes >> quantitative: measures expressed as _ or _ - make _ as needed - Formulative evaluation: >> _ examination of a programs success >> usually conducted while _ the program - summative evaluation: >> examination of a programs _ after it has been implemented >> performance management refers to the systematic process which includes _ and _ in evaluation - nonclinical >> interviews, surveys, document analysis, focus groups - clinical (_ screening) >> complete, limited examination, inspection, screening |
- success - qualitative and quantitative - non numerical - quantity or amount - ongoing revisions - internal - planning - merit - employees and group members - basic |
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Dental Indexes - Standardized quantitative methods for _, _and _ oral conditions >> simple: _ >> cumulative: _ >> reversible:_ >> irreversible: _ - Dental index has: clarity, simplicity, objectivity, validity, reliability, easy, quantifiable -* Ramfjord teeth: _ |
- scoring and analyzing - if they have it or not - if they have condition plus other conditions - can change - cannot change - * #3, 9, 12, 19, 25, 28 |
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Plaque, Debris, and/or Calculus - Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP) - Plaque Control Record (PCR) - Plaque free score - Plaque Index (PI) - Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) >> Debris Index (DI) >> Calculus Index (CI) |
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Gingival Bleeding - Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) - Sulcular Bleeding Index (SBI) - Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index (EIBI) |
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Gingival and Periodontal Indexes - Gingival >> Gingival Index (GI) - Periodontal >> Periodontal Index (PI) >> Gingival Periodontal Index (GPI) >> Periodontal Disease Index (PDI) >> Community Periodontal Index of Treatment (CPITN) >> Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR) |
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Dental Caries - decayed, missing or filled permanent teeth or surfaces: _ or _ - decayed, extracted, filled primary teeth or surfaces: _ - Root Caries Index (RCI) |
- DMFT or DMFS - deft or defs |
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Fluorosis - Developmental Defects of Dental Enamel (DDE) - Dean's Index of Fluorosis - Fluorosis Risk Index - Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) |
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Common Dental Indexes - Rates or proportions - incidence rates: how many _ seen - prevalence rates: _ of cases at a given time |
- new cases
- total number |
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Government Evaluation - indicators - National oral health surveillance system (NOHSS) - water fluoridation reporting system - Basic screening survey (BSS) - NHANES - BRFSS - PRAMS |
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Research - the value of research its contribution to the body of knowledge that can be used by the practitioner - society has a right to dental hygiene care provided by professionals who possess a substantial theoretical foundation for exercising judgment and improving oral healthcare - one characteristic of a profession is its ability to _ and _ a body of knowledge that is unique to itself >> the key focus of research should be the _ and _ of its knowledge and practice - a professions research efforts are closely linked with its service role and _ and _ to the public >> practice can only be as good as the _and _ that supports it |
- develop and validate - development and validation - responsibility and accountability - research and theory base |
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Components - the research question - the _ of the literature - the _ study design - data collection - data analysis - conclusion |
- review - research |
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Research Approaches - Historical: to determine the meaning of _ >> recorded interviews, interviews, literature reviews - Descriptive: to describe and identify _ >> survey, case study, cross sectional, cohort/longitudinal, document analysis, trend, correlational, retrospective |
- past events - current events or situations |
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Descriptive Approaches - Survey: to gather _ about status quo; usually involves _ sample size - Case study: to conduct in-depth report on _,_, _ or _ - Cross Sectional: to study _ of a population in a _ - Cohort/Longitudinal: to study the _ over _ - Document or Content Analysis: to analyze _ - Trend: combines _ and _ research to establish patterns from the past and present in order to predict future occurrences - Correlational: measure the relationship between _; comparison of _ - Retrospective: (_) to investigate existing differences to determine _ >> reverse of _ approach |
- Sur: broad information ; large - case: single group, person, event, or situaton - cross: cross section; limited time -C/L: same population ; extended period of time - analyze: documents themselves - trend: descriptive and historical - corr: variables ; two sets of data - retro: (ex post facto) ; possible causes >> experiemental |
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Experimental Approach - investigate _ and _ relationships - involves manipulation of _ and _ variables - Includes _: quasi experimental no control |
- cause and effect - independent and dependent - control |
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Research Designs - Post test only design - Pretest/Post test design - time series design - solomon four group design |
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Research Terms - Pilot study: a _ conducted prior to a _ study - Blind: when either the _ does not know whether or not the subject is receiving actual treatment - Double blind: when _ do not know whether or not subject is receiving treatment - Placebo effect: typically patients receiving placebo witness _ >> a control, no treatment "_", drug of choice for a disease, standard treatment called an _ - Cross over: subject is tested on _ at _ - Washout Period: time between _ - Split Mouth: _ is used for treatment, and other half has a _ |
- Pilot: smaller study ; larger, funded - Blind: examiner OR the subject - Double: BOTH the examiner and subject - Placebo: improvement >> sugar pill ; active control - Cross: two different treatments at different times - Wash: two different treatments - Split: half of the mouth ; control or different treatment |
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Research Process - research always begins with _ - the next step is the _ - a hypothesis is the result of asking a question that can be _ - questions arise from a researchers _, _, and _ |
- a question - development of a hypothesis - researched - observations, observed occurrences, previous research |
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Hypothesis - A question to be _ by a study >> it is the result of asking a question that can be _ - null hypothesis: "not" - alternative hypothesis: positive or research |
- answered - researched |
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Variables - independent variable: condition of the experiment that is being _ - dependent variable: the measure thought to change as a result of the manipulation of the _ - Extraneous variable: not _ to study, but may _ study |
- manipulated or controlled - independent variable - related ; influence |
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Types of Data - Dichotomous (Discrete Variable) >> two _ categories >> _ and _ units or categories >> counted only in _ - Continuous: >> can be measured anywhere along a _ >> large and infinite numbers of measures along _ >> can be expressed in _ |
- mutually exclusive - distinct and separate - whole numbers - linear scale - a continuum - fractions |
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Scales of Measurement - Nominal: _ categories - Ordinal: _ mutually exclusive categories - Interval: _ between any two adjacent units of measurement - Ratio: _ point determined by nature; denotes _ of variable |
- mutually exclusive - rank ordered - equal distance - absolute zero; absence |
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Data Analysis - measures _ and _ Central Tendency - mean: _; used with continuous ordinal data - median: _ of the data; used with ratio, interval, or ordinal data - mode: value that _; used with all types of data Dispersion - communicates how much _ is present in a group of data - describes _ of data within a research study - range - variance - standard deviation |
- central tendency and dispersion - average - midpoint - occurs most often - variation - distribution |
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Normal Distribution - forms the _ for comparisons and making statistical decisions - a _, _, _ curve - explains why random variables tend to be normally distributed - mean, median, an mode equal in value |
- theoretical foundation - symmetrical, unimodal, bell-shaped |
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Skewed Distribution - when a distribution of scores is _, the curve is said to be distoreted/skewed - skewing is caused by a few _ in the distribution - it can be identified by comparing the _ and _ of the distribution |
- asymmetrical - extreme scores - mean and median |
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Graphs - _ and _ communication of data - _ and _ understanding and interpretation of data - the ability to compare _ visually |
- effective and economic - easier and quicker - multiple distributions |
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Correlation - studies relationships between _ - does not equal _ - establishes risk - "r" signifies the correlation - (+/-) determines the _ of the relationship - 0 = _ - 1 = _ |
- variables - causality -direction - no correlation - perfect correlation |
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P-Value - the p value is _ value - it represents the probability that the findings from the study are due to _ - the p value commonly accepted in oral health research is _ than 0.05 - if _ than 0.05, the results are said to be not statistically significant |
- probability - chance - equal to or smaller - larger |
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Epidemiology Terms - mortality: is the ratio of the number of _ from a given disease or condition to the total number of cases _ - morbidity: is the ratio of _ individuals to _ individuals in a community - endemic: the _ of disease; relatively _ in a particular geographic region - epidemic: the occurrence of an illness or condition in _ in a community or region; usually occurring _ and spreading _ - pandemic: an epidemic in which the disease may _ to affect several _ - Prevalence: is the number of _ of a disease or condition in a population at a given time - Incidence: is the number of _ of a disease or condition in a population within a specific time - risk factors: characteristics of an individual or population that may _ of experience of a given health problem - Surveillance: the method of systems used to _ in a population periodically or on an ongoing basis |
Mort: deaths ; reported Morb: sick ;well End: usual presence ; low Epi: excess of normal expectancy; suddenly ; rapidly Pan: cross international borders; countries/continents Prev: all existing cases Inc: new cases Risk: increase the likelihood Surv: monitor disease |
