Community Health

Front 1

The 4 stages of disease and their type of response

Back 1

Pre-risk = disease eradication, elimination

Pre-disease =Health promotion and specific protection

Latent disease = Early pre-sympathetic diagnosis and treatment

Sympathetic disease tertiary prevention = Disability limitation for early symptomatic disease and Rehabilitation for late symptomatic disease

Front 2

3 tertiary prevention of symptomatic disease are

Back 2

disability, limitation and rehabilitation

Hint 2

Disability limitations are Disease-Impairment- Disability- Rehabilitation-Handicap

Front 3

Successful prevention depends on….

Back 3

-Knowledge of causation

-Dynamic of transmission

-Identification of risk factors &risk groups

-Availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures

Front 4

Give some reasons why prevention may not be attractive……

Back 4

- Demonstration of benefits. (eg: ceasing smoking prevents lung cancer)

- Delay of benefits (eg: the effect of a “no smoking” campaign will take 20yrs to manifest)

- Accrual of benefits (eg: who benefits from program= clients, insurance company or government)

Front 5

In learning the principles of diseas, epidemiology and in disease prevention there are 6 important terms name:

Back 5

Pathogen

Pathology

Etiology

Infection

Disease

Host

Front 6

Name the 5 stages of disease development

Back 6

Incubation Period

Prodormal Period

Illness

Period of decline

Period of convalescence

[imagine the diagram]

Front 7

In learning the principles of disease, epidemiology and in disease prevention there are 5 important terminology namely:

Back 7

Control

Elimination of Disease

Elimination of Infection

Eradication

[exp:smallpox]

Extinction

[exp:none]

Front 8

Microbs that are on or in a host, but do not cause disease. They are free germs that are found anywhere in or out the body after birth.

Some thing we live with normally can become pathogenic is …………….

Back 8

Normal Flora

Front 9

Types of relationships and their categorie

Back 9

Commensalism (harmful)

Mutualism (helpful)

Parasitism (harmful)

Opportunism (potentially harmful )

Front 10

Classifying diseases based on transmibility and give two examples each.

Back 10

Communicable

Exp: cold and HIV

(Sneezing, kissing)

Non-Communicable

Exp: Cancer, asthma

Front 11

Classifying diseases based on frequency of occurrence and give one example each.

Back 11

Sporadic

Exp: Rabies

Endemic

Exp: Cholera

Epidemic

Exp: CSF

(Cerebrospinal Manigiatis)

Pandemic

Exp: HIV

Front 12

Classifying diseases based on frequency of occurrence and give one example each.

Back 12

Sporadic

Exp: Rabies

Endemic

Exp: Cholera

Epidemic

Exp: CSF

(Cerebrospinal Manigiatis)

Pandemic

Exp: HIV

Front 13

Classifying diseases based on severity and give one example each.

Back 13

Acute

Exp: strep throat, broken bones, appendicitis, influenza, pneumonia

Chronic

Exp: heart disease, cancer, and diabetes

Subacute

Exp: encephalitis, measles virus

Latent

Exp: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), HIV, Herpesviruses, and Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Front 14

Classifying diseases based on frequency of occurrence and give one example each.

Back 14

Sporadic

Exp: Rabies

Endemic

Exp: Cholera

Epidemic

Exp: CSF

(Cerebrospinal Manigiatis)

Pandemic

Exp: HIV

Front 15

Classifying diseases based on severity and give one example each.

Back 15

Acute

Exp: strep throat, broken bones, appendicitis, influenza, pneumonia

Chronic

Exp: heart disease, cancer, and diabetes

Subacute

Exp: encephalitis, measles virus

Latent

Exp: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), HIV, Herpesviruses, and Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Front 16

Give the 3 extent of host involvement.

Back 16

Primary infection

Secondary infection

Subclinical infection

Front 17

Classifying diseases based on frequency of occurrence and give one example each.

Back 17

Sporadic

Exp: Rabies

Endemic

Exp: Cholera

Epidemic

Exp: CSF

(Cerebrospinal Manigiatis)

Pandemic

Exp: HIV

Front 18

Classifying diseases based on severity and give one example each.

Back 18

Acute

Exp: strep throat, broken bones, appendicitis, influenza, pneumonia

Chronic

Exp: heart disease, cancer, and diabetes

Subacute

Exp: encephalitis, measles virus

Latent

Exp: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), HIV, Herpesviruses, and Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Front 19

Give the 3 extent of host involvement.

Back 19

Primary infection

Secondary infection

Subclinical infection

Front 20

The 3 types of reservoirs of infections and mode of disease transmission are……

Back 20

Humans, Animals and Non-living

Front 21

Classifying diseases based on frequency of occurrence and give one example each.

Back 21

Sporadic

Exp: Rabies

Endemic

Exp: Cholera

Epidemic

Exp: CSF

(Cerebrospinal Manigiatis)

Pandemic

Exp: HIV

Front 22

Classifying diseases based on severity and give one example each.

Back 22

Acute

Exp: strep throat, broken bones, appendicitis, influenza, pneumonia

Chronic

Exp: heart disease, cancer, and diabetes

Subacute

Exp: encephalitis, measles virus

Latent

Exp: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV), HIV, Herpesviruses, and Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

Front 23

Give the 3 extent of host involvement.

Back 23

Primary infection

Secondary infection

Subclinical infection

Front 24

The 3 types of reservoirs of infections and mode of disease transmission are……

Back 24

Humans, Animals and Non-living

Front 25

The 3 main routes of reservoirs of infections and mode of disease transmission are……

Back 25

Contact: Direct, Indirect, droplets exp:sneezing

Vehicle: Any mode of transmission exp: mosquitoes

Vectors: Transmission from infectious agent to any living organisms exp: flies

Front 26

Routes of common methods that microbes use to exit host are……

Back 26

Respiratory tract via cough, sneeze

GI tract via faeces

Urogenital via virginal/penile secretion

Skin via open wood

Blood via open woods, surgery and syringe

Front 27

Routes of common methods that microbes use to exit host are……

Back 27

Respiratory tract via cough, sneeze

GI tract via faeces

Urogenital via virginal/penile secretion

Skin via open wood

Blood via open woods, surgery and syringe

Front 28

An infection acquired during the course of stay in a hospita, nursing home or other health facility. About 5-15%of patients acquire one. What is the name of this infection?

Back 28

Nosocomial Infection

Front 29

Routes of common methods that microbes use to exit host are……

Back 29

Respiratory tract via cough, sneeze

GI tract via faeces

Urogenital via virginal/penile secretion

Skin via open wood

Blood via open woods, surgery and syringe

Front 30

An infection acquired during the course of stay in a hospita, nursing home or other health facility. About 5-15%of patients acquire one. What is the name of this infection?

Back 30

Nosocomial Infection

Front 31

List the 4 preventive measures of disease and give examples.

Back 31

Primordial prevention eg: eradicating of smallpox, eliminate salt from foods

Primary prevention eg: exercise, immunization, prophylaxis

Secondary prevention eg: screening

Tertiary prevention eg: physiotherapy after a stroke

Front 32

Routes of common methods that microbes use to exit host are……

Back 32

Respiratory tract via cough, sneeze

GI tract via faeces

Urogenital via virginal/penile secretion

Skin via open wood

Blood via open woods, surgery and syringe

Front 33

An infection acquired during the course of stay in a hospita, nursing home or other health facility. About 5-15%of patients acquire one. What is the name of this infection?

Back 33

Nosocomial Infection

Front 34

List the 4 preventive measures of disease and give examples.

Back 34

Primordial prevention eg: eradicating of smallpox, eliminate salt from foods

Primary prevention eg: exercise, immunization, prophylaxis

Secondary prevention eg: screening

Tertiary prevention eg: physiotherapy after a stroke

Front 35

1. Limiting the physical and social consequences of symptomatic disease is

2. Prevention of disease before the biological onset is

Back 35

1. Tertiary Prevention

2. Primary Prevention

Front 36

Routes of common methods that microbes use to exit host are……

Back 36

Respiratory tract via cough, sneeze

GI tract via faeces

Urogenital via virginal/penile secretion

Skin via open wood

Blood via open woods, surgery and syringe

Front 37

An infection acquired during the course of stay in a hospita, nursing home or other health facility. About 5-15%of patients acquire one. What is the name of this infection?

Back 37

Nosocomial Infection

Front 38

List the 4 preventive measures of disease and give examples.

Back 38

Primordial prevention eg: eradicating of smallpox, eliminate salt from foods

Primary prevention eg: exercise, immunization, prophylaxis

Secondary prevention eg: screening

Tertiary prevention eg: physiotherapy after a stroke

Hint 38

An example of CVA (cerebrovascular Accident is stroke

Front 39

1. Limiting the physical and social consequences of symptomatic disease is

2. Prevention of disease before the biological onset is

Back 39

1. Tertiary Prevention

2. Primary Prevention

Front 40

Actions and measures that inhibit the emergence of risk factors in the form of environmental, economic, social, behavioral conditions and cultural pattern of living is

Back 40

Primordial Prevention

Front 41

Early asymptomatic detection and remediation of certain diseases and conditions that if left undetected would likely become clinically apparent and harmful is

Back 41

Secondary Prevention

Front 42

What study in which the prevalence of an exposure and/or an outcome are measured in a given population at a specified point in time?

The data may be analysed to look for an association between the exposure and the outcome.

ner

and the disease.

Back 42

Cross-Sectional Study

Hint 42

Example: the prevalence of onchocerciasis in a particular community could be determined by a descriptive cross-sectional survey. If data on possible risk factors for onchocerciasis are collected from the same people at the same time then they could be used in an analytic study to look for associations between the risk factors and disease.

Front 43

What study in which the prevalence of an exposure and/or an outcome are measured in a given population at a specified point in time?

The data may be analysed to look for an association between the exposure and the outcome.

Back 43

Cross-Sectional Study

Hint 43

Example: the prevalence of onchocerciasis in a particular community could be determined by a descriptive cross-sectional survey. If data on possible risk factors for onchocerciasis are collected from the same people at the same time then they could be used in an analytic study to look for associations between the risk factors and disease.

Front 44

What is a Case control study?

Back 44

A study in which individuals with and without the outcome of interest are identified. Their status with respect to exposures of interest is then determined in order to look for associations between these exposures and the outcome of interest.

Hint 44

An example: we could use a case-control study to determine risk factors for diarrhoeal disease among children. We would identify children with and without diarrhoea and obtain information concerning exposures of interest (breast-feeding, water supply etc). We would then analyse the data to see if breast- feeding or water supply was associated with diarrhoea.

Front 45

Cohort Study is

Back 45

A study in which one or more individuals are followed up over a period to determine frequency of a particular outcome in group(s).

Hint 45

For example, smoking on fatal diseases was studied determining the smoking habits of large doctors, and then following them determine the causes of death. specific causes of death

Front 46

A 47 year old Hungarian Physician of German Extraction known as pioneer of antiseptic procedures.

Discovered that the incidence of puerperal fever could be cut by hand disinfection.

He suggested washing with chlorinated lime solution.

He died 14 days after being committed to an asylum after being beaten by guards.

Who is this?

Back 46

Semelweiss

Hint 46

Historical Figures of Epidemiology

Front 47

Who is John Snow?

Back 47

He’s 45 year old English Physician. A historical giant in Epidemiology.

He was a leader in adopting anaesthesia and medical hygiene.

He traced the source of cholera outbreak in London in 1954. He discovered that the public well had been dug only 3 feet from an old cesspit which had begun to leak fecal bacteria.

Hint 47

Historical Figures of Epidemiology

Front 48

He’s a 76 year old British Epidemiologist.

One of the founders of Medical Statistics and was responsible for the collection of Medical Statistics. He gathered statistical evidence on people supplied with water from two companies.

Who is he?

Back 48

William Farr

Hint 48

Historical Figures of Epidemiology

Front 49

What was James Lind’s accomplishment?

Back 49

Scottish Physician, pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal navy.

"He conducted the first clinical trial, he developed the theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy.

His work advanced the practice of preventive medicine and improved nutrition. Scurvy is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. He recommended the benefits of citrus fruits.

Hint 49

Historical Figures of Epidemiology

Front 50

Ancient Greek Physician and the outstanding figure in the history of medicine. He is the father of Western Medicine and credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath.

He is being credited with being the first person to believe that diseases were caused naturally and not because of superstition and gods.

He separated the disciple of medicine from religion. Priests believed that illnesses such as epilepsy was caused by gods. He is reported to have said "men believe that it is a divine disease because of ignorance and amazement".

Who is he?

Back 50

Hippocrates

Hint 50

Historical Figures of Epidemiology