Comm. Theory Test 2

Front 1

Who developed the Elaboration Likelihood Model?

Back 1

Richard Petty and John Cacippo

Front 2

This is message elaboration; the path of cognitive processing that involves scrutiny of message content?

Back 2

Central Route

Front 3

This is a mental shortcut process that accepts or rejects a message based on irrelevant cues as opposed to actively thinking about the issue?

Back 3

Peripheral Route

Front 4

The extent to which a person carefully thinks about issue-relevant arguments contained in a persuasive communication is known as?

Back 4

Message Elaboration

Front 5

This requires high levels of cognitive effort? This requires low mental effort?

Back 5

1. Elaboration

2. Peripheral Route

Front 6

These are known as the 6 cues for the "peripheral" route:

Back 6

1. Reciprocation (You owe me)

2. Consistency (We've always done it that way)

3. Social Proof (Everybody's doing it)

4. Liking (Love me, love my ideas)

5. Authority (Just because I say so)

6. Scarcity (Quick, before they're all gone)

Front 7

Most messages lie where within the central and peripheral poles?

Back 7

In the middle

Front 8

The desire for cognitive clarity; an enjoyment of thinking through ideas even when they aren't personally relevant is known as?

Back 8

Need for Cognition

Front 9

This disrupts elaboration?

Back 9

Distraction

Front 10

This is top-down thinking in which pre-determined conclusions color the supporting data?

Back 10

Biased Elaboration

Front 11

This is bottom-up thinking in which facts are scrutinized without bias; seeking truth wherever it may lead?

Back 11

Objective Elaboration

Front 12

These strongly increase the likelihood that a message will be elaborated in the minds of the listeners?

Back 12

Motivation and Ability

Front 13

Claims that generate favorable thoughts when examined are classified as?

Back 13

Strong arguments

Front 14

Changes that occur because of this are less permanent than those that occur b/c of substantive content of the persuasion attempt?

Back 14

Peripheral Cues

Front 15

Audience perception of the message sources expertise, character, and dynamism; typically a peripheral cue is known as?

Back 15

Speaker Credibility

Front 16

The following promote mindless peripheral acceptance:

Back 16

1. Speaker Credibility

2. Action of Others

3. External Rewards

Front 17

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, to effect longer-term changes in attitude use this route? For simple compliance use this route?

Back 17

1. Central Route

2. Peripheral Route

Front 18

When we are motivated and able to pay attention we take the logical central route to decision making. This can lead to perm. change in attitude as we elaborate on the speakers arguments. When we don't pay attn. to arguments but are swayed by surface characteristics is said we are taking the peripheral route. This is known as?

Back 18

The Elaboration Likelihood Model

Front 19

Who developed Cognitive Dissonance Theory?

Back 19

Leon Festinger

Front 20

This is discord b/w behavior and belief?

Back 20

Dissonance

Front 21

This is the distressing mental state caused by inconsistency b/w a persons two beliefs or a belief and an action?

Back 21

Cognitive Dissonance

Front 22

These are the three mental mechanisms used to ensure one's actions and attitudes are in harmony?

Back 22

1. Selective Exposure

2. Post-Decisions Exposure

3. Minimal Justification

Front 23

The tendency people have to avoid information that would create cognitive dissonance b/c it's incompatible with their current beliefs is known as?

Back 23

Selective Exposure

Front 24

Strong doubts experienced after making an important, close-call decision that is difficult to reverse is known as?

Back 24

Post-Decision Dissonance

Front 25

What are three conditions that heighten post-decisions dissonance?

Back 25

1. Importance of the issue

2. The longer an individual delays in choosing b/w 2 equally attractive options

3. The greater the difficulty involved in reversing the decision once it's been made

Front 26

A claim that the best way to stimulate an attitude change in others is to offer just enough incentive to elicit counterattitudinal behavior is known as?

Back 26

Minimal Justification Hypothesis

Front 27

Public conformity to another's expectation without necessarily having a private conviction that matches the behavior is known as?

Back 27

Compliance

Front 28

Publicly urging other to believe or do something that is opposed to what the advocate actually believes is known as?

Back 28

Counterattitudinal Advocacy (Lying)

Front 29

A hypothetical, reliable gauge of the dissonance a person feels as a result of inconsistency?

Back 29

Dissonance Thermometer

Front 30

The claim that we determine out attitudes the same way outside observers do-by observing out behavior is known as?

Back 30

Self-Perception Theory

Front 31

"We've always done it that way" is a peripheral route cue bases on?

Back 31

Consistency

Front 32

"Just because I say so" is a peripheral route cue based on?

Back 32

Authority

Front 33

This assumes that most people are motivated to hold correct attitudes, people want to maintain reasonable positions, and people can only think about a few issue at a time because of cognitive overload?

Back 33

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Front 34

In the elaboration likelihood model, an argument with claims that generate favorable thoughts is considered a?

Back 34

Strong Argument

Front 35

Lasting change is most likely to come through?

Back 35

The Central Route

Front 36

The process of avoiding information that is likely to create dissonance is called?

Back 36

Selective Exposure

Front 37

The importance of an issue, the longer the delay in choosing b/w two options and the greater the difficulty in reversing a decision can increase?

Back 37

Postdecision Dissonance

Front 38

This motivates people to seek reassuring information and social support for a decision?

Back 38

Postdecision Dissonance

Front 39

Festinger's $1.00/$20.00 experiment confirmed that?

Back 39

People will change attitudes toward a task to justify their behavior.

Front 40

More recent Cognitive Dissonance scholars have hypothesized that this is a resource for dissonance reduction?

Back 40

High Self-Esteem

Front 41

Who developed the Functional Perspective on Group Decision Making theory?

Back 41

Randy Hirokawa and Dennis Gouran

Front 42

This is a prescriptive approach that describes and predicts task-group performance when 4 communication functions are fulfilled?

Back 42

Functional Perspective

Front 43

These are requirements for positive group outcome:

Back 43

1. Problem Analysis

2. Goal Setting

3. Identification of Alternatives

4. Evaluation of Positive and Negative Characteristics

Front 44

Determining the nature, extent, and causes of the problem facing the group is known as?

Back 44

Problem Analysis

Front 45

Establishing criteria by which to judge proposed solutions is known as?

Back 45

Goal Setting

Front 46

The generation of options to sufficiently solve the problem is known as?

Back 46

Identification of Alternatives

Front 47

Testing the relative merits of each option against the criteria selected and weighing the benefits and costs is known as?

Back 47

The evaluation of positive and negative characteristics.

Front 48

This is the medium, channel, or conduit through which information travels b/w participants?

Back 48

Talk

Front 49

This is a tool or instrument that group members use to create the social reality in which decisions are made?

Back 49

Group Discussion

Front 50

What are the three types of communication in Decision Making Groups?

Back 50

1. Promotive

2. Disruptive

3. Counteractve

Front 51

This is interaction that moves the group along the goal path by calling attention to 1 of the 4 requisite decisions making functions?

Back 51

Promotive

Front 52

This is interaction that diverts, retards, or frustrates group members' ability to achieve the 4 task functions?

Back 52

Disruptive

Front 53

This is interaction that members use to get the group back on track?

Back 53

Counteractive

Front 54

This is an uninteruupted statement of a single member that appears to perform a specific function?

Back 54

Functional Utterance

Front 55

This is a tool to record and classify the function of utterances during a group discussion?

Back 55

FOICS (Function Oriented Interaction Coding System)

Front 56

Theory by John Dewey that states thinking that favors rational consideration over intuitive hunches or pressure from those with clout is known as?

Back 56

Reflective Thinking

Front 57

Dewey's 6 Step Process of Reflective Thinking:

Back 57

1. Recognize Symptoms of Illness

2. Diagnose Cause of Ailment

3. Establish Criteria for Wellness

4. Consider Possible Remedies

5. Test to Determine Which Solutions will Work

6. Implement or prescribe the best solution

Front 58

This is Jurgen Habermas' vision of the ideal speech situation in which diverse participants could rationally reach a consensus on universal ethical standards?

Back 58

Discourse Ethics

Front 59

This is a discourse on ethical accountability in which discussants represent all who will be affected by the decision, pursues discourse in a spirit of seeking the common good, and are committed to finding universal standard?

Back 59

Ideal Speech Situation

Front 60

Who developed the Symbolic Convergence Theory?

Back 60

Ernest Bormann

Front 61

This often foster group cohesiveness according to Robert Bales?

Back 61

Dramatizing

Front 62

Sharing group fantasies creates this?

Back 62

Symbolic Convergence

Front 63

This is the imaginative language used by a group member describing past, future, or outside events?

Back 63

Dramatizing Message

Front 64

This is a symbolic explosion of lively agreement within a group, in response to a member's dramatizing message?

Back 64

Fantasy Chain

Front 65

The creative and imaginative shared interpretation of events that fulfills a group's psychological or rhetorical needs?

Back 65

Fantasy

Front 66

This is the content of the fantasy that has chained out within a group?

Back 66

Fantasy Theme

Front 67

This is an agreed-upon cue that sets off group members to respond as they did when they first shared the fantasy?

Back 67

Symbolic Cue

Front 68

This is a cluster of related fantasy themes; greater abstractions incorporating several concrete fantasy themes that exist when shared meaning is taken for granted.

Back 68

Fantasy Type

Front 69

For Bormann, this was the way in which two or more private symbol worlds incline toward each other, come more closely together, or even overlap; group consciousness, cohesiveness?

Back 69

Symbolic Convergence

Front 70

This can be described as common ground, meeting of the minds, mutual understanding, groupiness, common social reality, and empathic communion?

Back 70

Group Consciousness

Front 71

This is a composite drama that catches up large groups of people into a common symbolic reality?

Back 71

Rhetorical Vision

Front 72

4 Features Present in a Rhetorical Visions:

Back 72

1. Characters

2. Plot Lines

3. Scene

4. Sanctioning Agent

Front 73

Most rhetorical visions employ 1 of 3 competing master dialogues:

Back 73

1. Righteous Vision

2. Social Vision

3. Pragmatic Vision

Front 74

Of the 4 requisite functions in group decision making, most effective groups address this first?

Back 74

Problem Analysis

Front 75

Groups should test the relative merits of solutions against criteria in the?

Back 75

Evaluation of positives and negatives of each option stage.

Front 76

Hirokawa and Gouran believe that one of the main reasons that groups go away from a rational method is that?

Back 76

Certain group members insist that they have the right answer.

Front 77

After a need is identified, this requires the group to define the nature of the problem, establish the extent of the problem, and try to identify probable causes?

Back 77

The Problem Analysis Stage

Front 78

This is critical to group decision making because members can: distribute and pool information, catch and remedy errors, and influence each other?

Back 78

Verbal Interaction

Front 79

Bormann, suggests that this is accompanied by increased energy withing the group, an upbeat tempo in the conversation, and a common response to imagery?

Back 79

Fantasy Chain Reaction

Front 80

A well-worn symbolic path that occurs again and again in different groups is a?

Back 80

Fantasy Type

Front 81

Aristotle saw this as a neutral tool with which one could accomplish either noble or fraudulent ends?

Back 81

Rhetoric

Front 82

According to Aristotle, this is inherently more acceptable than falsehood?

Back 82

Trusth

Front 83

3 Fold Classification of Speech Situations

Back 83

1. Courtroom Forensic Speaking: judicial rhetoric

2. Ceremonial (epideictic) speaking: heaps praise or blame on another for the benefit of present day audiences

3. Political (deliberative) Speaking: Attempts to influence legislators or voters who decide future policy.

Front 84

One on one discussion is known as?

Back 84

Dialectic

Front 85

This deals with certainty? This deals with probability?

Back 85

1. Dialectic

2. Rhetoric

Front 86

These are external evidence the speaker doesn't create?

Back 86

Inartistic Proofs

Front 87

These are internal proofs that contain logical, ethical, or emotional appeals?

Back 87

Artistic Proofs

Front 88

What are the 3 Types of Artistic Proofs?

Back 88

1. Logos (Logical)

2. Ethos (Ethical)-Perceived Source Credibility

3. Pathos (Emotional)

Front 89

This is an incomplete version of a formal deductive syllogism.?

Back 89

Enthymeme

Front 90

3 Qualities that Build High Source Credibility:

Back 90

1. Perceived Intelligence

2. Virtuous Character

3. Goodwill

Front 91

The Five Canons of Rhetoric:

Back 91

1. Invention

2. Arrangement

3. Style

4. Delivery

5. Memory

Front 92

This is the virtue of moderation?

Back 92

Aristotle's Golden Mean

Front 93

Who developed the Narrative Paradigm and sought to answer the question, "What is the essence of human nature"?

Back 93

Walter Fisher

Front 94

This is communication aimed at maintaining relationships rather that passing along info. or saying something new?

Back 94

Phatic Communication

Front 95

Fischer uses this term to highlight his belief that there is no comm. that is purely descriptive or didactic?

Back 95

Narrative Paradigm

Front 96

These are symbolic actions, words and or deeds that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create, or interpret them?

Back 96

Narration

Front 97

This is a conceptual framework; a universal model that calls for people to view events through a common interpretive lens?

Back 97

Paradigm

Front 98

The change from a rational world paradigm to a narrative one is known as?

Back 98

Pardigm Shift

Front 99

This is a scientific or philosophical approach to knowledge that assumes people are logical, making decisions on the basis of evidence and lines of argument?

Back 99

Rational World Paradigm

Front 100

Fisher's 5 Assumptions of the Prevailing Rational-World Paradigm:

Back 100

1. People are essentially rational

2. We make decisions based on arguments

3. The type of speaking situation (legal, scientific, legislative) determines the course of our argument

4. Rationality is determined by how much we known and how well we argue.

5. The world is a set of logical puzzles that we can solve through rational analylsis.

Front 101

This is a theoretical framework that views narrative as the basis of all human communication?

Back 101

Narrative Paradigm

Front 102

Fisher's 5 Assumptions of the Narrative Paradigm:

Back 102

1. People are essentially storytellers

2. We make decisions on the basis of good reasons

3. History, biography, culture, and character determine what we consider good reasons.

4. Narrative rationality is determined by the coherence and fidelity of our stories

5. The world is a set of stories from which we choose and thus constantly re-create our lives.

Front 103

This is a way to evaluate the worth of stories based on the twin standards of narrative coherence and narrative fidelity?

Back 103

Narrative Rationality

Front 104

This is internal consistency with characters acting in a reliable fashion, the story hangs together?

Back 104

Narrative Coherence

Front 105

This is congruence b/w values embedded in a message and what listeners regard as truthful and humane; the story strikes a responsive chord?

Back 105

Narrative Fidelity

Front 106

This is an actual community existing over time that belies in the values of trust, the good, beauty, health, wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, harmony, order communion, friendship, and oneness with the cosmos?

Back 106

Ideal Audience

Front 107

A speaker who states that his audience should believe her because she has experience in the area of computers is making her case using Aristotle's concept of?

Back 107

Ethos

Front 108

This is a logical argument that doesn't state the major premise, minor premise, or conclusion because that missing part is already accepted by the audience?

Back 108

Enthymeme

Front 109

Practical wisdom and shared values are part of ethos in that they enhance?

Back 109

Perceived Intelligence

Front 110

An audience that believes what a speaker says because they believe he or she is an honest person in focusing speakers ethical proof that conveys?

Back 110

Virtuous Character

Front 111

A audience that believes a speaker has their best interest at heart is being persuaded by?

Back 111

Goodwill

Front 112

If a person tries to determine the merits of a story based on whether the actors acted consistently, they would focus on?

Back 112

Narrative Coherence

Front 113

This maintains that almost everybody can see the point of a good story and judge the merits of a good story as the basis for belief and action?

Back 113

Narrative Paradigm

Front 114

This centers on the issue of the values embedded in the message, the overlap with the worldview of the audience, the consequences of adhering to those values, and the relevance of those values to decisions made"

Back 114

Fisher's logic of good reasons

Front 115

Who developed the Uses and Gratifications Theory?

Back 115

Elihu Katz

Front 116

This attempts to make sense of the fact that people consume media messages from an array of sources/reason and the effect is unlikely to be the same for everyone?

Back 116

Uses and Gratifications Theory

Front 117

This states that the audience plays a pivotal role in how an influence of the media will turn out?

Back 117

Uses and Grats

Front 118

This is the view that exposure to a media message affects everyone in the audience in the same way; often referred to as the "magic bullet" or "hypodermic needle" of mass communication?

Back 118

Uniform Effects Model

Front 119

A specific effect on behavior that is predicated from media content alone; with little consideration of the differences in people who consume that content?

Back 119

Straight-Line Effect of Media

Front 120

This is a classification scheme that attempts to sort a large number of specific instances into a more manageable set of categories?

Back 120

Typology

Front 121

Alan Rubin's Typology of 8 Motivations:

Back 121

1. Passing Time

2. Companionship

3. Escape

4. Enjoyment

5. Social Interaction

6. Relaxation

7. Information

8. Excitement

Front 122

This is a sense of friendship or emotional attachment that develops b/w TV viewers and media personalities?

Back 122

Parasocial Relationship

Front 123

Who developed the Cultivation Theory?

Back 123

George Gerbner

Front 124

This theory says that violence can cultivate a social paranoia that counters the notions of trustworthy people and safe surroundings. TV is regarded as the dominant force in shaping modern society?

Back 124

Cultivation Theory

Front 125

This is scholarship that penetrates behind the scenes of media organizations in an effort to understand what policies or practices might be lurking there?

Back 125

Institutional Process Analysis

Front 126

This is scholarship that involves careful, systematic study of TV content, usually employing content analysis as a research method?

Back 126

Message System Analysis

Front 127

This is the overt expression or serious threat of physical force as part of the plot and doesn't include verbal abuse, idle threats, and pie-in-the-face slapstick.

Back 127

Dramatic Violence

Front 128

This is research designed to find support for the notion that those who spend more time watching TV are more likely to see the "real world" through TV's lens?

Back 128

Cultivation Analysis

Front 129

This is when people make judgments about the world around them, they rely on the smallest bits of information that come to mind most quickly.

Back 129

Accessibility Principle

Front 130

What were the two main processes that guided Gerbner's thinking about cultivation?

Back 130

1. Mainstreaming

2. Resonance

Front 131

The blurring, blending, and bending process by which heavy TV viewers from disparate groups develop a common outlook through constant exposure to the same image and labels is known as?

Back 131

Mainstreaming

Front 132

This is the condition that exists when viewer's real life environment is like the world of tv, these viewers are especially susceptible to tv's cultivating power?

Back 132

Resonance

Front 133

How does Gerbner classify light viewing? Moderate viewing? Heavy viewing?

Back 133

1. 2 hrs per day or less

2. 2-4 hrs per day

3. 4 or more hrs per day

Front 134

This is the difference in the percentage giving the "television answer" within comparable groups of light and heavy tv viewers?

Back 134

Cultivation Differntial

Front 135

This is a statistical procedure that blends the results of multiple empirical and independent research studies exploring the same relationship b/w 2 variables (ex:tv viewing and fear or violence)?

Back 135

Meta-Analysis

Front 136

A specific effect on behavior that is predicated from media content along is?

Back 136

Straight Line Effect of Media

Front 137

When sports fans get together to watch the big game on TV, some fans are there to?

Back 137

Seek out companionship

Front 138

What are the percentages of TV viewers?

Back 138

1. Moderate make up 50%

2. Light makes up 25%

3. Heavy makes up 25%

Front 139

This is the condition that exists when viewers' real life environment is like the world of television?

Back 139

Resonance

Front 140

These type of viewers are likely to think violent crime is more likely to happen to them than is actually the case, believe that police officers draw their weapons more often than is the case, and have an increased distrust of other people in general?

Back 140

Heavy TV Viewers

Front 141

Gerbner referred to the cynical mindset that occurs in heavy TV viewers as?

Back 141

Mean World Syndrome

Front 142

This is an argument that is intended by the arguer to be (deductively) valid, that is, to provide a guarantee of the truth of the conclusion provided that the argument's premises (assumptions) are true?

Back 142

Deductive Argumentation