Comm. Theory Test 1

Front 1

What is theory?

Back 1

All careful, systematic, and self-conscious discussion and analysis of communication phenomena. Also, a set of systematic hunches about the way things operate

Front 2

Communication

Back 2

This is used to describe almost every kind of human interaction?

Front 3

What is communication?

Back 3

The relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a response.

Front 4

What is intrapersonal communication?

Back 4

Communication with oneself.

Front 5

What is interpersonal communication?

Back 5

Communication between two people, but also includes interaction within families or between friends that may include more than two people.

Front 6

What is small group communication?

Back 6

Communication between three or more people who share a common purpose. (task focused groups)

Front 7

What is organizational communication?

Back 7

Communication in larger more structured groups.

Front 8

What is public communication (rhetoric)?

Back 8

Communication from one person to many

Front 9

What is mass communication?

Back 9

Communication generally disseminated via some form of media rather than in person.

Front 10

What is intercultural communication?

Back 10

Communication between people from different cultures.

Front 11

What is Epistemology?

Back 11

The study of the origin, nature, method, and limits of knowledge. (How do we know what we know?).

Front 12

What is an Interpretive Scholar?

Back 12

interpret meaning of text, and expose & publically resist the ideology that permeates the accepted wisdom of society; they tend to reject any notion of permanent truth or meaning

Front 13

What is a behavioral scientist?

Back 13

Scholar who applies the scientific method to describe, predict, and explain recurring forms of human behavior.

Front 14

What is an Empirical Theory?

Back 14

One developed by observing data collected through direct observation.

Front 15

What is Ethnography?

Back 15

Method of participant observation designed to help a researcher experience a culture's complex web of meaning.

Front 16

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Back 16

The tendency for our expectations to evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated.

Front 17

What is symbolic interactionism?

Back 17

The ongoing use of language and gestures in anticipation of how the others will react,a conversation.

Front 18

What is the looking glass self?

Back 18

The mental self-image that results from taking the role of the other (the objective self).

Front 19

What is Proxemics?

Back 19

The study of people's use of space as a special elaboration of culture. Coined by Edward Hall in "The Hidden Dimension".

Front 20

What is the Expectancy Violations Theory?

Back 20

Examines the role that norms play in interactions. Explains that norm violations or violations of expectations convey considerable meaning in interactions.

Front 21

What is Social Penetration Theory?

Back 21

The process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability.

Front 22

What is self-disclosure?

Back 22

The voluntary sharing of personal history, preferences, attitudes, feelings, values, secrets, etc. with another person; transparency.

Front 23

What is the Social Exchange Theory?

Back 23

Relationship behavior and status regulated by both parties evaluations of perceived rewards and costs of interaction with each other.

Front 24

What is Uncertainty Reduction Theory?

Back 24

Suggests that instead of our behavior being driven by rewards and costs, it is instead drive by a desire to reduce uncertainty. Offers 8 axioms that explore the relationship between uncertainty and relationship development.

Front 25

What is Relational Dialectics Theory?

Back 25

States that social life is a dynamic know of contradictions, a ceaseless interplay b/w contrary or opposing tendencies. 3 primary dialectic tensions.

Front 26

People assign meaning.

Back 26

Words don't hold meanings, what does?People assign meaning.

Front 27

1. Maps

2. Nets

3. Lenses

Back 27

Theory can be described as?

Front 28

What is Epistemology?

Back 28

The search for knowledge

Front 29

Subjective, there can be many explanations for the same event, all having the same weight.

Back 29

According to interpretive scholars, truth is?

Front 30

Objective approaches are concerned with?

Back 30

Expanding choice that comes from a focus on free will.

Front 31

Interpretive approaches are concerned with?

Back 31

There being more than one reality in the world.

Front 32

Objective approaches attempt to find?

Back 32

Universal laws or generalizations that explain human behavior.

Front 33

Objective

Back 33

Which is more likely to do an experiment as part of his or her research; an objective or interpretive scholar?

Front 34

Mead

Back 34

The theorist most commonly associated with symbolic interactionism is?

Front 35

Minding

Back 35

This describes an inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse actions, and anticipate reactions before responding?

Front 36

Looking-glass self

Back 36

This described how we construct our sense of self by imagining how we look to another person?

Front 37

Unpredictable behavior.

Back 37

Mead suggest that the self is an ongoing process that combines the I and ME as a spontaneous force that fosters?

Front 38

The generalized other

Back 38

The composite set of information that an individual has of his or her self based on societal expecatations and responses is called?

Front 39

Personal Distance

Back 39

According to Edward Hall the distance of 18 inches to 4 feet between people is called?

Front 40

Interpret the action in light of how that person can affect our lives.

Back 40

According to Expectancy Violations Theory when we are unsure about the meaning of an action we?

Front 41

Paul Mongeau

Back 41

Who said that men interpret female-initiated dates as a sign that the female is interested in sexual activity?

Front 42

It does not fully account for reciprocity in relationships.

Back 42

What is a problem that Burgoon notes about Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT)?

Front 43

Judee Burgoon

Back 43

Who is the founding researcher for Expectancy Violations Theory (EVT)?

Front 44

In the inner core of personality

Back 44

According to Social Penetration Theory, values are found where?

Front 45

Gradual and orderly self-disclosure

Back 45

According to Social Penetration Theory, the key to relational closeness is?

Front 46

Most likely stay in the relationship

Back 46

According to social exchange theory, if the rewards minus the costs exceed what is available in other relationships, a person will?

Front 47

Costs and rewards

Back 47

The following change over time and between people?

Front 48

Decreased intimate content of communication

Back 48

High levels of uncertainty cause?

Front 49

Uncertainty decreases

Back 49

As nonverbal warmth increases?

Front 50

Predictive Outcome Value (POV) is more important that reducing uncertainty.

Back 50

Uncertainty reduction theory fails because?

Front 51

1. The additional of anxiety

2. The goal of effective communication

3. The establishment of thresholds for fear and doubt.

Back 51

Gundykunst's anxiety/uncertainty management theory differs from Berger's uncertainty reduction theory in?

Front 52

Contradictions

Back 52

Relational dialectics states that relationships involve a series of?

Front 53

Connection-Autonomy

Back 53

Baxter and Montgomery use this to describe an internal dialectic tension?

Front 54

The presence of tension between autonomy and connection in a relationship.

Back 54

According to Relational Dialectics Theory, this is a sign of a healthy relationship?

Front 55

Assimilation

Back 55

The mental process of drawing an idea toward the hearer's anchor so that it seems like opinions match it is called?

Front 56

The high source credibility of the messenger.

Back 56

This will expand a recipient's latitude of acceptance?

Front 57

Anchor Point

Back 57

The point we use to determine the discrepancy of a message is called our?

Front 58

Ego-involvement

Back 58

Sherif's label for determining how crucial an issue is in someone's life is called?

Front 59

It describes what happens in the mind when a person hears a message that he or she needs to judge.

Back 59

Social judgement theory is considered a cognitive theory because?

Front 60

What are paradigms?

Back 60

Differing assumptions and traditions that form a conclusion in the study of communication theory.

Front 61

Free Will and Determinism

Back 61

Some scholars believe in this while some scholars believe in this?

Front 62

1. Scientific Research

2. Quantitative/Empirical Analysis

3. Objective Truth (singular)

4. Determinism

5. Seek to understand universal laws (generalizing and predicting: cause and effect)

Back 62

How do those in the Social Sciences study communication theory?

Front 63

1. Interpretive research

2. Qualitative Analysis

3. Subjective Truth (plural)

4. Free will

5. Seek in-depth understanding (interpretation and sometimes advocating change)

Back 63

How do those in the Humanities study communication theory?

Front 64

1. Explains "why"

2. Predicts (controls)

3. Has parsimony (It is simple with clear scope and boundaries)

4. Is falsifiable (can be tested).

5. Has practical utility (It is useful)

Back 64

A good scientific theory has the following?

Front 65

1. Provides new understanding

2. Clarifies values

3. Has aesthetic appeal

4. Withstands widespread scrutiny and stands the test of time.

5. Suggests reform of society (It is often critical).

Back 65

A good interpretive theory has the following?

Front 66

What is a Rhetorician?

Back 66

Scholar who studies the ways in which symbolic forms can be used to identify with people or persuade them toward a certain point of view.

Front 67

What is an objective approach?

Back 67

The assumption that truth is singular and is accessible through unbiased sensory observation; committed to uncovering cause-and-effect relationships.

Front 68

What is source credibility?

Back 68

Perceived competence and trustworthiness of a speaker or writer that affects how the message is received.

Front 69

What is identification?

Back 69

A perceived role relationship that affects self-image and attitudes, based on attractiveness of the role model and sustained if the relationship remains salient.

Front 70

What is an interpretive approach?

Back 70

The linguistic work of assigning meaning or value to communicative texts; assumes that multiple meanings or truths are possible.

Front 71

What is Burke's dramatistic pentad?

Back 71

A 5 pronged method of rhetorical criticism to analyze a speaker's persuasive strategy-act, scene, agent, agency, purpose.

Front 72

What is Humanistic Scholarship?

Back 72

The study of what it's like to be another person in a specific time and place; assumes there are few important pan human similarities.

Front 73

What is determinism?

Back 73

The assumption that behavior is caused by heredity and environment.

Front 74

Effectiveness and Participation

Back 74

Every general communication theory has these two priorities?

Front 75

What is metatheory?

Back 75

Theory about a theory. The stated or inherent assumptions made when creating a theory.

Front 76

1. Explanation of the Data

2. Prediction of future events

3. Relative simplicity

4. Hypothesis can be tested

5. Practical utility

6. Quantitative Research

Back 76

What are the standards of a good scientific theory?

Front 77

What is a survey?

Back 77

A research method that uses questionnaires and structured interviews to collect self-reported data that reflects what respondents think, feel, or intend to do.

Front 78

1. New understanding of people

2. Clarification of Values

3. Aesthetic Appeal

4. Community of agreement

5. Reform of Society

6. Qualitative Research

Back 78

What makes an Interpretive Theory good?

Front 79

What is the Sensing Intuition Scale?

Back 79

Show how people perceive or acquire information. How they seek to find out about things.

Front 80

1. Meaning

2. Language

3. Thinking

Back 80

What are the three core principles of symbolic interactionism?

Front 81

What is minding?

Back 81

An inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse actions, and anticipate reactions before responding; self talk.

Front 82

What is taking the role of the other?

Back 82

The process of mentally imagining that you are someone else who is viewing you.

Front 83

What is considered I?

Back 83

The subjective self; the spontaneous driving force that fosters all that is novel, unpredictable, and unorganized in the self.

Front 84

What is considered me?

Back 84

The objective self; the image of self seen when one takes the role of the other. There is no me at birth.

Front 85

What is considered the Generalized Other?

Back 85

The composite mental image a person has of his or her self based on societal expectations and responses.

Front 86

What is participant observation?

Back 86

A method of adopting the stance of an ignorant yet interested visitor who carefully notes what people say and do in order to discover how to interpret their world.

Front 87

1. Intimate Distance (0-18 inches)

2. Personal Distance (18 in-4ft)

3. Social Distance (4-10ft)

4. Public Distance (10ft and beyond)

Back 87

What are the 4 proximal zones?

Front 88

What is a threat threshold?

Back 88

The hypothetical outer boundary of intimate space; a breach by an uninvited other occasions fight or flight.

Front 89

1. Expectancy

2. Violation Valence

3. Communication Reward Valance

Back 89

What are the three core connects of expectancy violations theory?

Front 90

What is expectancy?

Back 90

What people predict will happen, rather than what they desire.

Front 91

What is violation valence?

Back 91

The perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations, regardless of who the violator is.

Front 92

What is communication reward valence?

Back 92

Sum of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter plus the potential to reward or punish in the future.

Front 93

What is interaction adaptation theory?

Back 93

A systematic analysis of how people adjust their approach when another's behavior doesn't mesh with what's needed, anticipated, or preferred.

Front 94

What is interaction position?

Back 94

A person's initial stance toward an interaction determined by a blend of personal requirements, expectations, and desires (RED).

Front 95

What is Kant's Categorical Imperative?

Back 95

Duty without exceptions. Act only on that maxim which you can will to become an universal law.

Front 96

What is Personality Structure?

Back 96

The onion like laters of beliefs and feelings about self, others, and the world; deeper layers are more vulnerable, protected, and central to self-image.

Front 97

What is depth of penetration?

Back 97

The degree of disclosure in a specific area of an individual's life.

Front 98

What is Outcome?

Back 98

The perceived rewards minus the cost of interpersonal interaction.

Front 99

What is the Minimax Principle of Human Behavior?

Back 99

People seek to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs.

Front 100

What is comparison level?

Back 100

The threshold above which an interpersonal outcome seems attractive.

Front 101

What is ethical egoism?

Back 101

The belief that individuals should live their lives so as to maximize their own pleasure and minimize their own pain.

Front 102

What is a dialectical model?

Back 102

The assumption that people want both privacy and intimacy in their social relationships; they experience a tensions b/w disclosure and withdrawal.

Front 103

What is territoriality?

Back 103

The tendency to claim a physical location or object as our own.

Front 104

Charles Berger

Back 104

Who established the Uncertainty Reduction Theory?

Front 105

What is Attribution Theory?

Back 105

A systematic explanation of how people draw inferences about the character of others based upon observed behavior.

Front 106

Fritz Heider

Back 106

Who is credited with attribution theory?

Front 107

What is an axiom?

Back 107

A self-evidence truth that requires no additional proof.

Front 108

1. Verbal communication

2. Non-verbal warmth

3. Information Seeking

4. Self-disclosure

5. Reciprocity

6. Similarity

7. Liking

8. Shared Networks

Back 108

What are the 8 key variables of relationship development?

Front 109

What is a theorem?

Back 109

A proposition that logically and necessarily follows from 2 axioms.

Front 110

What are message plans?

Back 110

Mental representations of action sequences that may be used to achieve goals.

Front 111

What is passive strategy?

Back 111

Impression formation by observing a person interacting with others.

Front 112

What is an active strategy?

Back 112

Impression formation by asking a 3rd party about a person.

Front 113

What is an interactive strategy?

Back 113

Impression formation through face-to-face discussion with a person.

Front 114

What is plan complexity?

Back 114

Characteristics of a message plan based on the level of detail it provides and the number of contingencies it covers.

Front 115

What is hedging?

Back 115

Use of strategic ambiguity and humor to provide a way for both parties to save face when a message fail to achieve its goal.

Front 116

What is hierarchy hypothesis?

Back 116

Prediction that when people are thwarted in their attempts to achieve goals, their first tendency is to alter lower-level elements of their message.

Front 117

What is Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory (AUM)?

Back 117

An intercultural theory that claims high levels of uncertainty and anxiety lead to greater misunderstanding when strangers don't communicate mindfully.

Front 118

Effective communication

Back 118

What is the end goal of Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory?

Front 119

1. Self-concept

2. Situational Context

3. Motivation to Interact

4. Categorization of strangers

5. Attitudes toward strangers

6. Closeness with strangers

7. Ethical responsibilities

Back 119

What are the seven categories of Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory?

Front 120

What is mindfulness?

Back 120

The process of thinking in new categories being open to new information and recognizing multiple perspectives.

Front 121

What is predicted outcome value?

Back 121

Forecast of future benefits and cost of interaction based on limited experience with the other.

Front 122

1. Connectedness and Separateness

2. Certainty and Uncertainty

3. Openness and Closedness

Back 122

What are the three primary dialectics described by Relational Dialectics Theory?

Front 123

What is relational dialectics?

Back 123

States that social life is a dynamic knot of contradictions, a ceaseless interplay between contrary or opposing tendencies.

Front 124

What is contradiction?

Back 124

The dynamic interplay between unified oppositions and is a core connect of relational dialectics.

Front 125

What are internal dialectics?

Back 125

Ongoing tensions played out in a relationship

Front 126

What are external dialectics?

Back 126

Ongoing tensions b/w a couple and their community.

Front 127

Connection-Autonomy

Back 127

What is an example of internal dialectic within integration-separation?

Front 128

Inclusion-Seclusion

Back 128

What is an example of external dialectic within intergration-separation?

Front 129

Certainty-Uncertainty

Back 129

What is an example of internal dialection within stability-change?

Front 130

Conventionality-uniqueness

Back 130

What is an example of external dialectic within stability-change?

Front 131

Openness-Closedness

Back 131

What is an example of internal dialectic within expression-non-expression?

Front 132

Revelation-Concealment

Back 132

What is an example of external dialectic within expression-non-expression?

Front 133

What is Mikhail Bakhtin's Concept of Dialogue?

Back 133

Communication that is constitutive, always in flux, capable of achieving aesthetic moments.

Front 134

What is constitutive dialogue?

Back 134

Communication that creates sustains and alters relationships and the social world.

Front 135

What is dialectical flux?

Back 135

The unpredictable, unfinalizable indeterminate nature of personal relationships.

Front 136

1. Spiraling Inversion

2. Segmentation

Back 136

What are two typical conversational strategies for responding to relational dialectics?

Front 137

What is spiraling inversion?

Back 137

Switching back and forth b/w two contrasting voices, responding first to one then the other.

Front 138

What is segmentation?

Back 138

A compartmentalizing tactic by which partners isolate difference aspect of their relationship.

Front 139

What is an aesthetic moment?

Back 139

A fleeting sense of unity through a profound respect for separate voices in dialogue.

Front 140

What is Bok's Principle of Veracity?

Back 140

Truthful statements are preferable to yes in the absence of special circumstances that overcome the negative weight.

Front 141

1. Acceptance

2. Rejection

3. Non-commitment

Back 141

What are the three latitudes of Sherif's Social Judgment Theory?

Front 142

What is Social-Judgement Involvement?

Back 142

Perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitudes.

Front 143

What is contrast?

Back 143

A perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of rejection as further from their anchor than they really are.

Front 144

What is assimilation?

Back 144

A perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitude of acceptance as less discrepant from their anchor than they really are.

Front 145

What is the boomerang effect?

Back 145

Attitude change in the opposite direction of what the message advocates.

Front 146

What is pluralistic ignorance?

Back 146

The mistaken idea that everyone else is doing or thinking something that they aren't.