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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of communication? |
Basis on which we make ourselves understood and understand others Use of symbols to convey meaning from one individual to another |
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Theory is...(hint, there are three) |
1. Analytical tool - to classify; break up the world into understandable units 2. System of ideas - to say where it belongs/place it, connect to other things, if x is this then y is this 3. Set of principles or formal propositions - how/when/why we use it; rules or framework that we have decided is correct |
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What are theory's 4 major uses? |
Understand Explain - why do things happen in a certain order? Predict - if this happens, this will follow; use theories strategically Extend - extend our knowledge Our practical skills change, but thinking/theorizing doesn't With theoretical understanding, we can make better predictions |
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What are the five key terms for defining communication? |
Social, process, symbol, meaning, environment |
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Term: social |
social phenomenon involving human beings and all that entails |
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Term: process |
Things are ongoing/moving; there is a past and a future Heraclitus: never step in same river twice |
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Term: symbol |
Concrete vs. abstract symbols Communication is symbol-based |
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Term: meaning |
Decoding of symbols to form meanings and understand |
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Term: environment |
Communication happens in an environment Environment is the context/stage for communication e.g. Confederate flag can have multiple meanings simultaneously - hatred/racism vs. Southern heritage; Neo Nazis flying confederate flag at rally in Germany |
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Use the 5 key terms in a sentence |
Communication is a social process that uses symbols to create meaning in a certain environment |
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Intentional Symbolic Transaction |
1. codifying -> 2. sending message -> 3. Decodifying |
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Aristotle's Model of Communication |
Speaker Speech Audience Effect |
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Laswell's Model of Communication (1948) |
Who What message What channel To whom With what effect |
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What is the linear model of communication (SMCR)? |
Laswell's method Arrows act as channels |
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What are some problems with the linear model of communication? |
Physical noise Psychological noise - e.g. people's backgrounds and experiences Some argue that the linear model is broken when psychological noise is factored in |
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What is the interactional model of communication? How is effective communication determined and measured in this model? |
No communication is a one way street! Source/sender (encodes) - receiver (decodes) --? message --> receiver-sender --> feedback --> source/sendere.g. in a classroom, the professor is talking but it's clear if students are listening, etc. Effective communication measured/shown by effect of the message; when sending a message out, must determine if the message was received (e.g. a politician's speech) Feedback is may non/verbal, un/intentional, helps communicators to know whether or not their message is received and the extent to which meaning is achieve |
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What is the transactional model of communication? |
No distinction between a sender or receiver, just interpreters that are constantly communicating (see slide) |
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Who was Quintilian? What did he believe was the ethical base of society? |
Quintilian was a Roman rhetorician who believed that better communication was the ethical base of society He argued that what makes humans different is speech |
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What did Quintillian believe about ethical rhetoric? |
If you train people what ethical rhetoric is, then they understand good and won't be bad; if people know what good is, they'll be good |
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Moral vs. Ethical |
Morality: personal compass of right/good and wrong/bad; discerning - good Ethics: rules of conduct recognized in respect to a particular class of human actions; concerning proper/legal conduct |
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What are the 7 Traditions of Communication? |
Rhetoric Semiotics Phenomenological Cybernetics Social Psychological Socio-Cultural The Critical |
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Tradition of Communication: Rhetoric |
Picture: MLK, Jr baseline tradition in the communication field public address/persuasion/speech Art of persuading using all means necessary |
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Tradition of Communication: Semiotics |
Picture: stop sign Study of symbols and how they change meaning over time e.g. a STOP sign is an ethical, legal law words, how words change and are adopted, what words mean, etc. |
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Tradition of Communication: Phenomenological |
Study of lenses and standpoints --> as our lenses change, our viewpoints change Vantage points of individuals and how that influences communication |
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Tradition of Communication: Cybernetics |
Study of our connections Understand human social process by who they're connected to and how people are connected to each other |
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Tradition of Communication: Socio Psychological |
picture: man lying face down in a pool How society you live in influences how you think or act e.g. bystander effect |
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Tradition of Communication: Socio Cultural |
Doesn't look at attitudes, looks at how people conform and how norms are created How do we create our culture? e.g. Big Flush during Mash |
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Tradition of Communication: The Critical |
Both tradition and paradigm We're all controlled and we all conform Society is defined by power that we either conform to or yield Job as academic is to break these chains |
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What is reasoned action and how does it pertain to theory? |
Reasoned action vs. dumb luck A fact that cannot be explained theoretically or without theoretical understanding is just dumb luck (e.g. penicillin) Laws change but making laws, the judicial process, etc. don't change Theory allows us to recognize something as important in the first place |
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Concrete vs. abstract symbols |
Symbol of a tree - concrete symbol of fairness - abstract The more abstract a symbol, the more understandings don't overlap and are individualized; greater likelihood for misunderstanding The more concrete a symbol, the more understandings are more similar and overlap e.g. Inuit have 15 different words for snow, Texans have 1 |
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Why do some scholars think intentionality is important when defining or measuring communication? Why do some scholars think intentionality is NOT important when defining or measuring communication? |
Intentionally sent, accurately received vs. you cannot not communicate (all behavior is communication) Compromise: in interactive situations, you cannot not communicate, but in noninteractive situations, you can not communicate Some scholars believe you must prove there was a sender, receiver, and message, but also that there was an intention Intended communication takes legal precedence |
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What are two classic models of Communication? |
Aristotle Laswell's Method (1948) |
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What are the 7 contexts in which we study communication? |
Intrapersonal Interpersonal Small group Organizational Public communication Mass Media Communications Cultural Communications |
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Context: Intrapersonal |
Internal communication with yourself Basis of thought high vocabulary = deeper level of thought Study and the mind and conversations/language-based thinking |
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Context: Interpersonal |
In depth conversation with someone else is how you really know what you think Information is transferred from A-B 60% nonverbal |
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Context: Small group |
People form their identity based on their small groups Small group dynamics |
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Context: organizational |
Organizations as cultural phenomenon Organizations as dominating cultural force in our lives |
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Context: Public communciation |
Link between organization and public communication (PR) Link between organization and internal stakeholders, etc. Speech/written word to communication to large audiences |
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Context: Mass media communications |
MM changes the way people think |
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Context: Cultural communication |
How people form norms/values/contexts Study of cultural phenomenons |
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What is a theory? |
Theories are the formalized process between everyday sense making and problem solving They are explanations we make up for why stuff happens We create theories everyday |
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What is the relationship between phenomena and theory? |
Phenomena is stuff that happens (cause), whereas theories are explanations we make up for why stuff happens (effect) |
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What is a paradigm? |
Simply a belief system (or theory) that guides the way we do things Intellectual framework or belief system (shared by a community of researchers) that guides the way we think and... Act - how we do research Guides what methods we value and use Guides what we accept (value) as evidence There are competing frames/paradigms in communication |
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What four questions are the basis of all paradigms? |
1. What is real? What is reality? 2. How do I know what is real? 3. How much of my own values should matter in the process of determining what is real? 4. What do I want my theory to do? |
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What is ontology? |
Ontology asks what is real? What is reality? |
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What is epistemology? |
Epistemology asks how can I know it? How can I measure it? |
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What is axiology? |
Axiology asks how much should my values matter? How much should they play in my knowing? |
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What is the ontological view of a realist? |
*What is real There is a a real world, whether I encounter it or not Things exist independently of me, whether I perceive them or not e.g. Space telescope --> even if we couldn't see them, the planets were still there |
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What is the ontological view of a social constructionist? |
* Giving something meaning Reality is created through our interaction with it - there is nothing there until we interact with it It is the process of interacting with the world that gives it meaning The world may exist but that doesn't matter - it only matters when we interact with it What is significant is the process of giving something meaning e.g. the New World became significant to us once the Europeans found it, before then it was insignificant |
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What are the two extremes of ontology? |
Realist and social constructionist |
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What are the two extremes of epistemology? |
Objectivist and subjectivist |
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What is the epistemological view of an objectivist? |
Knowledge is a result of cause and effect that is gained through observation and the scientific method Knowledge is gained when I can explain and predict what is happening Find an object that exists independently of you and verify that it exists independently of you The knower and the known are INDEPENDENT of each other |
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What is the epistemological view of a subjectivist? |
Knowledge is created through interaction Knowledge is gained through my participation in research Knowledge is gained when I understand what is happening to an individual or group Interact with participants to understand their world The knower and the known can never be separated |
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What are the three components of axiology? |
Value free, value neutral, value laden |
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What does it mean to be value free? |
Work to be free of values and subjective opinion Assumes that humans are flawed |
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What does it mean to be value neutral? |
Practical position Impossible to really keep values out, but must try |
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What does it mean to be value laden? |
values are important in who I am and shaping my research and my view of the world |
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What are the OEA positions and goal of a positivist? |
Ontology: Realist Epistemology: Objective Axiology: Value neutral Goal: explain, predict, control What can I put my weight on? Why communication happens this way and how will it effect people |
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What are the three paradigms from which people study their respective arts? |
1. positivism/empiricism 2. interpretivism 3. critical theorist |
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What are the OEA positions and goal of an interpretivist? |
Ontology: Social construction Epistemology: Subjective Axiology: Value laden Goal: to understand; 1st and foremost to understand the phenomenon of sense making I want to understand what happens when something is communicated to people |
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What are the OEA positions and goal of an critical theorist? |
Ontology: Social construction Epistemology: Subjective (those in power) Axiology: Value laden Goal: to emancipate/change/transform Believe that what we know is shaped by those in power (more or less), so their goal is to emancipate people from a system or controlling power Tear down systems this type of communication creates and free those it oppresses |
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What is the ontological view of a classical positivist? |
"As we study salt, we can study humans" Reality is external and measurable. Reality exists independently of our perceptions and theories of them rational, logical observation made through the scientific method add another brick in the wall, if we have all the facts, we know everything |
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How does a classical positivist remain objective? |
Through axiological commitments - Research must be 100% value free; to do this must: Control what is observed Verify validity Result (evidence obtained in controlled experiment) |
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What is the scientific method? |
Hypothesis --> design experiment --> controlled experiment observation --> results/date --> conclusions/publications |
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What is the ontological view of a post positivist? |
Realist |
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What is the epistemological view of a classical positivist? |
Objective; Knowledge is only "true" when observations are verified through "true" experimental scientific method |
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What is the axiological view of a classical positivist? |
My values MUST have no role in research. I must separate my values (and control for my limited observational powers) from my research |
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What is the epistemological view of a post positivist? |
Semi-objective --> main shift Knowledge is best when observed and measured in as controlled a condition as possible Be objective as possible while realizing it's impossible |
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What is the axiological view of a post positivist? |
My values SHOULD have as limited a role in research as possible. I must try to separate my values (and control for my limited observational powers) from my research Even with all the problems of human observation, we have to try to be as scientific as possible |
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What is internal validity? |
Key is control; occurs when a researcher controls all extraneous variables and the only variable influencing the results of a study is the one being manipulated by the researcher This is the goal of CPs |
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What is external validity? |
Refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized or extended to an intended population Results of a small study can apply to the real world (usually) e.g. jury selection, pollsters Key test is accurate prediction This drives post-positivists e.g. pollsters and testing debates with undecideds - it's flawed, but it works |
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What is ecological validity? |
Degree to which behaviors observed and recorded in a study reflect the behaviors that actually occur in natural settings Opposite of internal validity People change how they behave in a lab, so really you're studying how people behave in a lab e.g. Hawthorne Studies |
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What is the acceptable degree of trade off for a post positivist? |
internal vs. ecological validity (ultimately balanced by external validity) internal: only measuring IV and DV relationship (perfectly controlled conditions) ecological: as the real world is Utility and economical In virtually all studies there is a trade off between internal validity (control) and ecological validity |
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Why did communication and social researchers move from a classical OEA to a post positivist OEA? |
With pure science, you can't study anything because humans can't be controlled need practicality, not perfection be pure, but recognize purity is impossible studying humans is not like studying salt Utility: it's practical and can be used (e.g. pasta sticking to a wall)economical: just because you can't do field tests, doesn't mean you can't use it (don't throw the baby out with the bath water) |
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What is Philip's Law? |
If it can't be seen or measured, it should NOT even be talked about stemmed from the Vienna Circle |
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What is VPM and who coined it? |
a statement is held to be literally meaningful if and ONLY if it is analytically or empirically verifiable coined by the Vienna Circle |
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What is the Criterion of Falsification and who coined it? |
A statement that can be shown to be false Shift from verification to falsification To do real science, we must create hypotheses that prove wrong what we think is true Coined by Popper Knowledge only progresses when we falsify a theory |
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What is the parsimony law? |
Simple answer (least number of assumption) that explains (predicts is even better) is MOST preferred Occam's razor, essentially simplest of competing theories bepreferred to the more complex or that explanations of unknown phenomena besought first in terms of known quantities |
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What is a "true" experiment? Who uses it? |
research method in which the investigator manipulates one or more IVs to determine the effects on some behavior/communication (DV) while controlling other relevant factors
used by classical positivists |
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What is a "quasi" experiment? Who uses it? |
Done in as real world as possible; go for semi-objective results while trying to be as objective as possible research method in which the investigator manipulates one or more IVs to observe the effects on some behavior communication (DV) while controlling as little as necessary other relevant factors used by post positivists |
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What is a heuristic? |
Each knowledge builds onto each other; help humans explain, control, and predict better e.g. we know about gravity and expand upon that only because Newton discovered the law of gravity |
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Why is understanding the goal of interpretivists? |
We are not animals, we are conscious and active human beings --> in a lab, you study the fact that people are being studied Can't separate the knower from the known; everything is about interpretation *how do we construct meaningful worlds through interactions and how do we behave in those worlds we have created e.g. traffic intersection - we give things meaning and coordinate our behaviors around them |
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Why do some interpretivist theories argue it is an active paradigm? |
Humans are constantly changing and evolving Our perceptions don't accurately mirror reality because humans are flawed in how they perceive *it's not what we see but how we give meaning to what we see |
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What are Kant's two phenomenologies? |
Noumenal world and the phenomenal world |
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What is the noumenal world? |
The world as it is Interpretivists believe that no one has ever actually seen the noumenal world Material world no one has actually seen the chair, we just see it how we perceive it and think we see it |
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What is the phenomenal world? |
The world as we perceive it, our interpretation of it No one has ever understood the world beyond their interpretations of it Mental world we see the idea of the thing |
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What is the Hermeneutic method? |
How we interpret or understand texts everyone studies texts within their own foreknowledge How much we bring our own frameworks into what we see Context (foreknowledge) -> text (e.g. Bible) -> Meaning (interpretation) |
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What is the qualitative method of triangulation? |
provides the best authentic picture for understanding; want the quality of the experience, not quantitative research Natural observation (observe something in real context) [ Qualitative research / \ textual analysis interview textual analysis: how do they read these texts interview: what do you think? not on a scale of 1-5 but why do you think that way? e.g. doctors and cheechee joke |
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What is local knowledge? |
Things people in a community know; knowledge particular to an environment |
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What is stock knowledge? |
Knowledge you need to communicate effectively in a particular society or group (e.g. knowledge of codes in the military) Referent knowledge applied to make a communication meaningful to a group or community Codes, words, gestures that make something important in those communities e.g. a Luis Vuitton bags denote wealth |
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Describe communication as performance |
The way in which roles and norms are performed within a social constructed community Life is but a stage and we are actors on it e.g. we take on the guise of students in the classroom and our expectations of the teacher demand a performance e.g. basic training in the military is a performance of masculinity |
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What is enactment? |
something is produced "real" through social interaction; people are both producers and produced in a socially constructed reality |
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What is reification? |
Viewing human phenomena as if they were real things or something other than human social construction not the thing itself but how we give meaning to it e.g. on Fat Tuesday Mardi Gras beads become significant Every time we reproduce a norm, etc. we actually reproduce its values; we're not actually reproducing the thing itself e.g. we give Birkin bags their value; also Halloween Essentially, we act as if something is real and therefore make it real |
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What did the Hawthorne Studies reveal about internal validity? |
In a lab, you are studying the fact that people are being studied When you study people, they change their behaviors |
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What is co-constructed meaning? |
assumes that reality as we know it is constructed intersubjectively through the meanings and understandings developed socially and experientially From I to We: I construct/make sense of the world --> Ideas/meanings come from humans --> I interact: I am a social being --> I with others construct a social reality Can never separate person from social group |
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What is an emergent meaning? |
meanings are coming into view - coming to be understood |
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What is sensemaking? |
process by which people give meaning to experience |
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What is ethnography? |
=natural observation historically, meant to live with and write about early ethnographers went to live with people and wrote about them |
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What are the four levels of ethnography and what do they mean? |
Total Observer (OO) = e.g. watch class from another room Observer Participant (OP) = e.g. someone who sits in class once or twice and take notes; such as in one professor doing an evaluation of another professor's class Participant observer (PO) = immersed in culture, but still an observer; always have an out e.g. working as a teacher in school but with the intention of writing a research paper about it Participant participant (PP) = Know exactly what it's like to experience something; e.g. Caroline Ellis and Bob Krisek |
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Where on the ethnography scale do Caroline Ellis and Bob Krizek fall? |
PP Ellis wrote about her decision to get an abortion while trying for tenure Krisek wrote about hospice care and Kamisky park - people now read it who are going through hospice care |
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Where on the ethnography scale does Dr. Lynch fall? |
PO He worked at the school and in the kitchen, but always had an out and worked in those places with the intention of writing a paper on them |
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In interpretivism, what is the purpose of an interview? |
ecological validity - by natural observation and then interviewing, you understand people and their processes more In interp., validity is measured by authenticity e.g. South Dallas food desert |
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What is a structured interview? |
Interviewer focused Same question/tone/speed in asking questions, any change in inflection would change results |
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What is an unstructured interview? |
Interviewee focused Goal is for the interviewer to say nothing, rather "tell me a story/elaborate/explain" Getting people to talk This method is good for getting people's frameworks, not good for getting comparison/analysis |
