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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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SET is based on whose research?
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Thibaut and Kelley
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Communication scholars are particularly concerned with what aspect of SET?
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past behavior, because it determines what you expect from another relationship.
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Why are our past behaviors so important for SET?
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Our past behaviors are so important because we are rational beings that rely on past experiences in order to make decisions. We are also predictable based on prior decisions made.
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What are the three exchange structures? What happens when (at least) a third party enters into a direct exchange?
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-Direct
-Generalized -Productive |
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Direct Exchange
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Exchange where two people reciprocate costs and rewards.
-When brad washes his dad’s car and then his dad lets him use the car on the weekend, the exchange is direct |
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Generalized Exchange
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An exchange where reciprocation involves the social network and isn’t confined to two individuals. One person gives to another and the recipient responds, but not to the first person
-When someone moves away from the town, and friends and neighbors help pack the moving van. |
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Productive Exchange
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An exchange where both partners incur costs and benefits simultaneously.
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What is Carrot and Stick? How relate to leadership? Specifically non-contingent punishment and reward relate to satisfaction of subordinates.
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Rewards take time and take trust
Punishments are so much easier than rewards Punishments create fear and no trust also disloyalty Carrot----Reward Stick------- punishment People have different needs Rewards are difficult because it can change You may have to change the reward over time |
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When is rational to make an investment for “ long term?” versus short term?
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It is rational to make an investment for the long term when your Comparison level is greater than your CLalt.
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What was game theory designed to illustrate?
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Game theory was designed to show us that relationships are interdependent. The outcome you want relies on the choices made by both you and your partner
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What is our “comparison level” (CL)?
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Our Comparison Level is what we have and what we expect to get in a situation.
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What is our comparison level for alternatives (aka realistic alternative RA)?
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Comparison Level for alternatives is the lowest level of relational reward a person is willing to accept given available rewards from alternatives relationships, or being alone.
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Why do some theorist use realistic alternative rather then comparison alternative?
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Most people are unrealistic about their alternatives.
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According to SET is a person in a relationship only as faithful as his or her options?
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yes, but depends if person shy. This explains why people stay in abusive relationships
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On a basic level how does CL relate to satisfaction in a relationship?
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CL( what we expect ) If persons expectation are higher than the outcome it is an unhappy relationship
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On a basic level how does CL and RA (CLalt) relate to satisfaction and stability of or relationship?
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If the CL is greater than the CLalt it will be stable
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In SET we evaluate relationship based on what? USE quadrant table drawn in class.
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Relational outcomes are ALWAYS linked with ACTIONS (choices) of others
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If everything is exchange – how do SET define power and control (fate and behavioral).
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Fate Control- Ability to affect another’s outcome. In a relationship the person with more power dictates terms. In the prisoner analogy: prisoners control other (mutual FC) but not environment.
Behavior Control- I can behave in way that controls my partner’s behavior. If prisoners were aware of the behavior of other- they could use behavior control. |
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Blau discusses a “power differential” –what are they?
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differences between one persons relationship resources to another. Someone always has more resources which equal power
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What is our “given matrix” for SET? How can we transform our given into an effective matrix?
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Given matrix is the 'hand we were dealt'. Constraints on choices due to environment and skill set
Transform by learning new skill set |
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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the experience of dissonance (or incompatible beliefs and actions) is aversive and people are highly motivated to avoid it
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avoid feelings of dissonance
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people will avoid hearing views that oppose their own, change their beliefs to match their actions, and seek reassurance after making a difficult decision.)
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If we have Cog. Inconsistency what did FESTINGER argue we do (think assumptions of CDT)?
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Humans desire consistency.
1. Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies- Harmony and disharmony are a state of mind. 2. Dissonance is an aversive sates that drives actions with measurable effects -I act to get (or regain) harmony. 3. Dissonance motivates efforts to achieve Constance or reduce dissonance-- I try and keep my mind in harmony. |
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What is Consonance?
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Consonance- State of harmony and internal consistency arising from compatibility among a person's attitudes, behavior, beliefs, and/or knowledge.
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What is dissonance
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State of psychological tension arising from incompatibility among a person's attitudes, behavior, beliefs, and/or knowledge, or when a choice has to be made between equally attractive or repulsive alternatives. One example is 'buyer's remorse,' a feeling of guilt associated with doubts about the advisability of a purchase decision that one experiences after making an expensive purchase.
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Avoiding
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The person uses denial which is a defense mechanism used when a fact is too painful to accept and rejects it instead. Insisting it isn’t true despite overwhelming evidence.
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Coping
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- Behaviors that attempt to protect oneself from psychological damage. To actively deal with something that is difficult and uncomfortable.
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How is the magnitude of CD, what are the three factors that influence it (importance, ratio, and rational)
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Magnitude of dissonance- the quantitative amount of discomfort felt.
1. Importance- refers to how significant issue is 2. Dissonance ratio- the amount of consonant cognitions relative to dissonant ones 3. Rationale- refers to the reasoning employed to explain the inconsistancy |
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How do we reduce CD ?
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Exposure- Seek info that is consonant with current beliefs and actions
Attention- conscious or unconscious we attend to certain stimuli– I.e. texting while driving is bad. Interp. – interpreting ambiguous info so that it becomes consistent with current beliefs and actions. Retention – we remember what we want to remember (what drives what we retain?) |
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How are these selective perceptions process used on persuade others and ourselves?
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We expose ourself to certain facts that help justify our conclusion. Attention allows us to focus on the certain stimuli that minimize our dissonance. When we interpret things we do it towards our own bias, and we retain knowledge that is beneficial to our conclusion.
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Why do we need to persuade ourselves we are correct? How does buyers remorse/justification and minimal justification come from this need?
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If we feel we are not correct then we are uneasy.
• When we make a big purchase we sometimes question if we made the right decision. Buyers remorse is the dissonance related to a purchase • Minimal Justification is also used to relive dissonance by giving the minimal amount of incentive necessary to obtain compliance. |
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Judee Burgoon founder of EVT says people have two conflicting needs, affiliation and personal space. What ere these and why do they conflict?
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We feel a need to be close to people (affiliation) but we also do not want them in our personal space (an invisible, variable volume of space surrounding and individual which defines that that individuals preferred distance from others)
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What are the assumptions of EVT?
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Expectancies drive human interaction
Expectations for human interactions are learned People make predictions based on non-verbal behavior |
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EVT primarily focuses on what type of communication? Why do they focus on this type?
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-Non-verbal
Because non verbal norms are different for everyone, but effect us all |
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Why do we have communication norms? How are they established?
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We have norms in order for conversations to be predictable.
-These norms are established through institutions such as school and the media |
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What is poxemics? What are zones & territories?
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-Proxemics- the branch of knowledge that deals with the amount of space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves and others.
-Zones are the spatial distances people set and the behaviors that are allowed within them. -Territories- persons ownership of an area or object |
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Zones
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o Intimate
o Personal o Social o Public |
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Territories
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o primary- a persons exclusive domain (one’s own computer)
o Secondary- signal a person’s affiliation with an object (not exclusive, but individual feels some sort of association to the territory. Don’t own the library but you frequently occupy a space within it.) o Public- signal open spaces for everyone including beaches and parks |
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Why does territoriality demonstrate conflict between need to affiliate and personal space?
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Territory is usually accompanied by prevention and reaction. We feel a need to affiliate, but also maintain our independence. Have a need for roommates but want personal space in room.
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Why do we form expectation both before and during interactions (see arousal)?
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When arousal occurs one’s interest or attention deviates from the central message and more towards the source of arousal.
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Who decides if comm. norms (expectations) are violated? Why does this make EVT difficult to study?
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The person who is being violated
It is hard to measure because it is subjective and differs from person to person with many variables assessing the violation within the person. |
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What is violation variance?
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refers to the positive of negative assessment of an unexpected behavior. Focuses on deviation of an expectation.
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How do we study arousal and expectation?
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Expectation can be studied through culture norms. What are the expectancies of that culture?
Arousal can be studied by looking at the heart reate for physical arousal and possibly observation of cognitive arousal. Cognitive arousal is however more difficult to get empirical data. |
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Another name for URT
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Initial interaction theory
All humans in first interaction strive to optimize relationship |
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Who founded URT
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Berger & Calabrese
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URT also known as, Initial Interaction theory, why?
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Goal in constructing this theory was to explain how communication is used to reduce uncertainties between strangers engaging in their first conversation.
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The pursuit of predictability and comfort.
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Goal: to explain (predict) how communication is used to reduce uncertainties between strangers engaging first conversation. The more I know about a person the more I can predict how future interactions will go
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What is a cute meet vs. a normal meet – which do we find more comfort in
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Cute meet is an awkaward meet. Something you don’t expect so you feel uncomfortable. More comfort in normal meet.
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I argued in class in initial interaction human’s want to?
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Optimize relationship potential.
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What is Proactive & Retroactive interaction?
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Proactive- before you meet someone you assume what the convo will be (interview)
Retroactive- Analyze conversation after |
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What is the assumption of URT?
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that when interacting people need information about the other party in order to reduce their uncertainty. In gaining this information people are able to predict the others behavior and resulting actions, all of which according to the theory is crucial in the development of any relationship
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What is a Low context cultures vs. a High context cultures-
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Low Context (US, Western European)- direct language is purposeful, precise, and intended. Legal contracts and policy guide agreements.
High Context (Asia, Middle East)- (emphasis on interpersonal relationships) Context is key for meaning of words- tone, non-verbal, gestures, positioning are as (or more) important than what is said. |
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What kind of Theory is URT
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Aximomatic
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Axioms are?
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Truisms/common-sense/ practical/ logical/ obvious/ observable/ parsimonious.
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Assumptions of URT
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1. People experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings.
2. Uncertainty is an adverse state 3. When strangers meet, their primary concern is to reduce their uncertainty or increase predictability 4. Interpersonal communication is the PRIMARY means of uncertainty reduction. 5. Interpersonal communication is a development process that occurs in stages. 6. The quantity and nature of information that people share changes over time. 7. It is possible to predict people’s behavior in a law-like fashion. |
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SPT.
Why could you call the theory “self disclosure theory” |
Because SPT is about moving from superficial relationship to intimate because of self disclosure.
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What is (de)penetration?
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Move back out of the onion. Usually just takes one person. The other person may try to disclose more, but it usually doesn’t work.
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SPT Context, Tradition, Paradigm (frame)
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Context: Interpersonal
Tradition: Socio-Cultural Paradigm: Interpretive |
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SPT assumptions
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-Relationships progress from nonintimate to intimate
- Relational development is generally systematic and predictable - Relational development includes depenetration and dissolution - Self-Disclosure is at the core of relationship development |
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Self-Disclosure
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purposeful process of revealing info about oneself
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The onion analogy (Social Penetration Process)
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layers represent various aspects of a persons personality
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Details of the onion analogy
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Outer layer- public image (what is available to the naked eye) e.g. race, height, weight, appearance.
•Reciprocity- the return of openness from one person to another Breadth- number of topics discussed in a relationship Depth- degree of intimacy guiding discussion topics ---------The greater the depth the more opportunity for a person to feel vulnerable |
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SPT Orientation Stage
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stage of social penetration that includes revealing small parts of ourselves.
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SPT Exploratory affective exchange stage
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stage of social penetration that results in the emergence of our personality to others
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SPT Affective exchange stage
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stage of social penetration that is spontaneous and quite comfortable for relational partners
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SPT Stable exchange stage
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stage of social penetration that results in complete openness and spontaneity for relational partners
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RDT Definition
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relational life is always in process. People in relationships continually feel the pull-push of conflicting desires. Basically, people wish to have both autonomy and connection, openness and protective-ness, and novelty and predictability. As people communicate in relationships, they attempt to reconcile these conflicting desires, but they never eliminate their needs for both of the opposing pairs.
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RDT assumptions
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Relationships are not linear
Relational life is characterized by change Contradiction is the fundamental fact of relational life Communication is central to organizing and negotiating relational contradictions |
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RDT Context, Tradition, Paradigm
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Interpersonal
Socio-Cultural Interpretive |
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Totality
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acknowledges the interdependence of people in a relationship. If one thing happens to one member of the relationship, the other member(s) will be affected as well. Jeff gets promoted and has to travel more, Eleanor has to deal with his absence).
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Contradictions
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two elements that contradict each other. Central feature of the dialectic approach. Dialectics are the result of oppositions. (Eleanor desires to Jeff she loves him, but also wants to withhold that info to protect herself).
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Motion
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processual nature of relationships and their change over time. (Eleanor reflects on how different her relationship with Jeff is now compared to what they had two years ago).
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Praxis
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refers to the choice-making capacity of humans. Although we do not have free choice in all instances (due to previous choices, choices of others, cultural and social conditions) we are still conscious and active choice makers.
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RDT class example
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The NSA
-We want to be safe from terrorists and other harmful people, but we do not want to be spied on. |
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real and ideal dialectic
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contextual dialectic resulting from the difference between idealized relationships and lived relationships
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Monological approach
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approach framing contradictions as either/or
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Dualistic approach
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approach framing contradictions as two separate entities
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Dialectic approach
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approach framing contradiction as both/and
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Autonomy and Connection
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important relational tension that shows our conflicting desires to be close and to be separate
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Openness and Protection
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important relational tension that shows our conflicting desires to tell our secrets and keep them hidden
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Novelty and Predictability
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important relational tension that shows our conflicting desires to have stability and change
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Why dialectic? (not monologic or dialogic)
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Because we want the two contradictions present
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Rawlins introduced what aspect to RDT?
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Contextual Dialectics
Tensions resulting front the place of the relationship within the culture. |
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Communication Private Management Theory def
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Disclosure in relationship requires management of private and public boundaries. They are between feelings you want reveal and ones you keep private. Disclosure in relationship development is more than revealing private info to one another. Negotiation and coordination of boundaries is required. Decisions regarding disclosure require close monitoring
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CPM assumptions
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-Humans are choice makers
-Humans are rule makers and rule followers -Humans’ choices and rules are based on a consideration of others as well as the self. -Relational Life is characterized by change -Contradiction is the fundamental fact of relational life. |
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CPM Context, Tradition, Paradigm Frame
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Inter/Intrapersonal
Socio Cultural Interpretive |
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What is boundary coordinating & turbulence?
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Boundary linkage the connections forming a boundary alliances between people
boundary ownership-right and privileges accruing to co-owners of private information. boundary permeability-how much information is able to be passed through the boundary. boundary turbulence: conflicts about boundary expectations and regulation. |
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Why is CPM rule based?
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By certain societal rules we chose to or not to private disclosure some things.
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SET Assumptions
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1. Humans are rational
2. Motivated by possible Benefit and Costs 3. We Make Complex and subjective evaluations, vary from person to person. 4. Relationships are interdependent 5. Relational Life is a process |
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CDT Assumptions
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1. Humans desire consistency – I like harmony.
2. Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies- Harmony and disharmony are a state of mind 3. Dissonance is an aversive sate that drives actions with measurable effects -I act to get (or regain) harmony 4. Dissonance motivates efforts to achieve Constance or reduce dissonance-- I try and keep my mind in harmony |
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CDT Communication Context, tradition, and paradigm
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Intrapersonal
Socio psychological Positivism |
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SET Communication Context, tradition and Paradigm
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Intra/Interpersonal
Social and Psychological Post Positivist |
