Comd 3120: Disorders Of Articulation & Phonology (Chptr 1)

Front 1

vocal folds

Back 1

-pair of thin muscles in the larynx whose vibrations are the source of voice
-also called vocal cords

Front 2

diaphragm

Back 2

-a thick dome shaped muscle that separates the stomach from the thorax, important for respiration

Front 3

abdomen

Back 3

-section below diaphragm that houses important organs such as the kidneys, liver, and intestines
-works of various abdominal muscles provide an important active force in exhalation

Front 4

thoracic cavity

Back 4

-lungs are housed in thoracic cavity
-contains a bony structure, a muscular portion, and the respiratory passages

Front 5

rib cage (thoracic cage)

Back 5

-the bony framework of the thoracic cavity
-a cylinder-like structure of 12 ribs that houses vital organs including the heart and the lungs

Front 6

trachea

Back 6

-a tube formed by a ring of cartilages leading to the lungs

Front 7

bronchial tubes

Back 7

respiratory passage located within the thoracic cavity

Front 8

cartilage

Back 8

-tough connective tissues as in the thyroid cartilage, which is one of the cartilages of the larynx

Front 9

larynx

Back 9

-tubelike structure in the neck that includes various muscles along with the noval folds, cartilages, and membranes

Front 10

thoracic vertebrae

Back 10

-12 located within the posterious surface of the rib cage

Front 11

sternum

Back 11

located anterior surface of ribs

Front 12

ribs

Back 12

-run in a curved lateral fashion from the spinal column vertebrae in the back to their own costal cartilage in the front

Front 13

costal cartilage

Back 13

-articulate directly with sternum

Front 14

external intercostals

Back 14

-11 paired
-raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the cavity for inhalation

Front 15

internal intercostals

Back 15

-11 paired
-pull ribs down to decrease diameter of the cavity for exhalation

Front 16

subcostals

Back 16

-along with the internal intercostals, the subcostals pull the lower ribs down and apart to decrease the cavity size

Front 17

phrenic nerves

Back 17

-diaphragm is innervated by the cervical spinal nerves 3 to 5 which are collectively known as the phrenic nerves

Front 18

scalene muscles

Back 18

-originate from the cervical vertebrae and insert into the upper surface of ribs 1 and 2
-help to elevate and fixate the ribs for inhalation

Front 19

pectoralis major

Back 19

-minor muscles (pectoralis major and minor) help to elevate the ribs
-originates at the head of the humerus bone and inserts to the anterior end of the clavicle, sternum and costal cartilages 2 to 6

Front 20

pectoralis minor

Back 20

-point of origin is scapula
-point of insertion is the bony ends of ribs 2 to 5

Front 21

transverse thoracic and quadratus lumborum muscles

Back 21

-assist in depressing the ribs for exhalation
-transverse thoracic muscles originate in the internal surface of the sternum and xiphoid process and insert into the costal cartilages and bony end of ribs 2 to 6
-quadratus lumborum has several points of origin including the posterior part of the iliac crest, the iliolumbar ligament and the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 3,4, and 5. Its point of insertion is the lower border of rib 12 and the tendons of the abdominal muscles. It helps depress rib 12 and aids in fixing the origin of the diaphragm

Front 22

hyoid bone

Back 22

-a u-shaped bone that floats under the jaw
-the muscles of the tongue and various muscles of the skull, larynx, and jaw are attached to this bone

Front 23

thyroid notch

Back 23

-v-shaped notch that marks approximate anterior attachment of the vocal folds

Front 24

cricoid

Back 24

-ring-shaped with a plate on the posterior side (posterior quadrate laminae) and a narrower band forming the front and lateral sides (anterior arch)
-anterior arch of cricoid contains small oval articular facets on each side, which connect witht he inferior horns of the thryoid

Front 25

arytenoids

Back 25

-two small pyramid shaped cartilages capable of various kinds of movements; the vocal folds move accordingly because of their attachment to the arytenoids

Front 26

adam's apple

Back 26

-the lay term for the thyroid notch in the larynx

Front 27

thyroid notch

Back 27

-V-shaped notch
-marks approximate anterior attachmnet of vocal folds

Front 28

cricoid cartilage

Back 28

-below thyroid cartilage and above uppermost tracheal ring
-ring-shaped with plate on posterior side (posterior quadrate laminae)
-a narrower band forms front and lateral sides (anterior arch)

Front 29

inferior horns of the thyroid

Back 29

-connect with the articular facets

Front 30

arytenoid

Back 30

-each contains a vocal process and a lateral or muscular process

Front 31

vocal process

Back 31

-extend anteriorly and have the vocal folds attached to them

Front 32

lateral or muscular processes

Back 32

-have several muscles attached to them that help the vocal folds open or close

Front 33

extrinsic muscles

Back 33

-type of muscles of the larynx
-have one attachment to structures outside of the larynx
-provide a supportive framework for larynx
-fix larynx in place
-can lower or raise the larynx to influence sound production

Front 34

intrinsic muscles

Back 34

-type of muscles of larynx
-have both attachments confined to larynx
-directly responsible for production of sound
-leading role in phonation

Front 35

adduct

Back 35

-closing or nearly closing of the vocal folds

Front 36

abduct

Back 36

-opening or drawing apart the vocal folds

Front 37

vocal folds are divided into the ________, the medial part and the _________________, which is the lateral part of the same muscle.
Together, they form the ____________ ____________

Back 37

thyrovocalis (vocalis), thryomuscularis, thyroarytenoid muscle

Front 38

glottis

Back 38

-space between the vocal folds
-open when vocal folds are apart and is closed or nearly so when they are approximated
-During quiet breathing, this is in an open position
-not a bony or muscular structure but a space formed by the muscles of the vocal folds

Front 39

Adduction or approximation of the vocal folds is accomplished through the interaction of the ______ _______ _______, the ________ ________ ________, and the ________ _____________ ___________.

Back 39

lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, transverse arytenoid muscles, and the oblique arytenoid muscles

Front 40

lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

Back 40

-swivel the arytenoid cartilages toward the middle of the larynx
-Helps with partial adduction

Front 41

transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles

Back 41

-actions of these will help achieve complete adduction
-as these muscles contract, they pull the arytenoids and the vocal folds together, which assists the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles in completely closing off the glottis

Front 42

posterior cricoarytenoid

Back 42

-act in opposition to the major vocal fold adductors
-responsible for abducting the vocal folds
-originate on both sides of posterior plate of cricoid cartilage and attach to the lateral processes of arytenoid cartilages
-as they contract, they pull the arytenoids and make them swivel laterally

Front 43

cricothyroid muscles

Back 43

-fan shaped muscle
-originates at cricoid cartilage and inserts into thyroid cartilage
-consists of pars oblique and pars recta
-another muscle that tenses and elongates the vocal folds leading ot pitch variation

Front 44

subglottic air pressure

Back 44

-air pressure built up below the vocal folds because of adduction

Front 45

supraglottic air pressure

Back 45

-air pressure that is above the vocal folds

Front 46

glottal chink

Back 46

-opening of vocal folds begins posteriorly in this space and then moves anteriorly

Front 47

Bernoulli effect

Back 47

-causes closing of the vocal folds after they have been forcefully opened (abducted)
-this is the increased velocity and decreased pressure when gases or liquids move through a constricted passage

Front 48

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation

Back 48

-a theory that states that vocal fold vibrations are due to air pressure, the difference between positive and negative pressure, and the elasticity of the muscles

Front 49

The laryngeal tone is modified into perceptibly different voice qualities by the structures that serve as vocal sound resonators: the _______ ________, the ________ ________, and the ________ ________

Back 49

pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity, and the nasal cavity

Front 50

velum

Back 50

-the soft palate
-formed by the muscles that help raise or lower it

Front 51

articulation

Back 51

-in speech, movement of the speech mechanism to produce the sound of speech
-One of the 4 basic processes involved in speech production

Front 52

articulators

Back 52

-organs of the speech production mechanism
-help produce meaningful sound by interrupting the flow of exhaled air or by narrowing the space for its passage
-includes the lips, tongue, velum, jaw, hard palate, alveolar ridge and teeth

Front 53

alveolar ridge

Back 53

-a ridge on the maxilla that overlies the roots of the teeth
-most often located behind the upper anterior teeth.
-In most people, serves as point of articulation for English sounds /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/

Front 54

Several ______ and ______ make up the bulk of the tongue

Back 54

intrinsic and extrinsic

Front 55

The four intrinsic muscles that shape the tongue into various contours

Back 55

superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse and vertical

Front 56

The four extrinsic muscles that help move the tongue into various positions within the oral cavity

Back 56

genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, and styloglossus

Front 57

The lips are made up primarily of the ________ _______ muscle.

Back 57

obicularis oris

Front 58

bilabials

Back 58

-/p/, /b/, and /m/
-These involve both lips
-they are produced primarily by the 2 lips

Front 59

labiodentals

Back 59

-/f/ and /v/
-Sounds that are produced by the lips and teeth

Front 60

mandible

Back 60

-The lower jaw, which forms the floor of the mouth and houses the lower set of teeth

Front 61

velum or soft palate

Back 61

-The soft palate
-formed by muscles that help raise or lower it

Front 62

hard palate

Back 62

-The roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity

Front 63

uvula

Back 63

-small cone shaped structure hanging from the velum

Front 64

velum contains several muscles including the ______ ______ ______, _______ _______ ______, __________, __________, and ________

Back 64

levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, and uvulae

Front 65

velopharngeal closure

Back 65

-The physiologic act of closing the nasal cavity from the oral cavity so that air is directed through the mouth rather than the nose
-closure is achieved by intricate upward, backward, and lateral movements of the velum and various pharyngeal muscles

Front 66

velopharyngeal port

Back 66

-The structure that connects the oral and nasal passages
-It may be closed or opened by various muscle actions

Front 67

maxilla

Back 67

-A pair of large, facial bones that form the a major portion of the hard palate and the upper jaw

Front 68

palatine bones

Back 68

-A part of the hard palate

Front 69

palatine process

Back 69

-The central, platelike portion of the maxillary bones
-Embryonically identified as the secondary palate
-forms the major portion of the roof of the mouth and the hard palate

Front 70

alveolar process

Back 70

-The outer edges of the maxillary bone (upper jaw) that house the molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth

Front 71

premaxilla

Back 71

-The front portion of the maxillary bone

Front 72

alveolar ridge

Back 72

-A ridge on the maxilla that overlies the roots of the teeth, most often located behind the upper anterior teeth
-In most people, serves as the point of articulation for English sounds /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/

Front 73

auricle/pinna

Back 73

-The most visible part of the outer ear

Front 74

external auditory meatus/ear canal

Back 74

-It is the muscular tube that resonates the sound that enters it

Front 75

tympanic membrane

Back 75

-The thin, semitransparent, cone shaped eardrum, which is highly sensitive to sound

Front 76

malleus

Back 76

-The first bone of the ossicular chain located in the middle ear and attached to the tympanic membrane

Front 77

incus

Back 77

-The second and middle bone of the ossicular chain inthe middle ear
-See also malleus and stapes

Front 78

stapes

Back 78

-One of the three bones of ossicular chain int he middle ear
-See also malleus and incus

Front 79

oval window of the inner ear

Back 79

-A opening to, and a part of the inner ear

Front 80

tensor tympani

Back 80

-A muscle in the middle ear that tenses the eardrum

Front 81

stapedius muscle

Back 81

-A small muscle attached to the stapes in the middle ear
-In response to loud sounds, it normally contracts to stiffen the ossicular chain

Front 82

acoustic reflex

Back 82

-Reflexive contraction of the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles triggered by loud sounds and noises

Front 83

labyrinth (of the temporal lobe)

Back 83

-A fluid-filled system of interconnecting canals and passages that houses structures of the inner ear

Front 84

perilymph

Back 84

-The fluid that fills the canals that lie within the inner ear

Front 85

semicircular canals

Back 85

-Structures of the inner ear responsible for maintaining balance (equilibrium)

Front 86

cochlea

Back 86

-The main inner ear structure of hearing
-It looks like the shell of a snail and is filled with a fluid called endolymph

Front 87

endolymph

Back 87

-A kind of fluid that fills the cochlea

Front 88

basilar membrane

Back 88

-The floor of the cochlea
-contains the organ of Corti and its several thousand hair cells that respond to sound

Front 89

organ of Corti

Back 89

-The inner ear's structure of hearing
-Contains the hair cells that respond to sound

Front 90

cilia

Back 90

hairlike structures
-aka hair cells

Front 91

hair cells

Back 91

hairlike structures (cilia) found on the organ of Corti
-They respond to sound vibrations

Front 92

Reissner's mebrane

Back 92

-As vibrations delivered by the foot plate of the stapes reach the inner ear's oval window, wavelike movements are created in the perilymph
-The movements are then transmitted tot eh endolymph through this.
-This in turn transmits them to the basilar membrane

Front 93

vestibuloacoustic nerve (aka cranial nerve VIII)

Back 93

The vestibular branch of the cranial nerve, which is concerned with balance, body position, and movement

Front 94

vestibular division

Back 94

-One of the primary divisions of the cranial nerve VIIII
-This one is concerned with body equilibrium

Front 95

auditory division

Back 95

-One of the primary divisions of the cranial nerve VIII
-This one is concerned with hearing

Front 96

central nervous system

Back 96

The brain and the spinal cord

Front 97

neurons

Back 97

-A single nerve cell
-Meaning, specialized cells that make up the central nervous system; basic building blocks in the CNS responsible for receiving, transmitting, and synthesizing information; each one consists of of a single axon, a cell body, dendrites, and many terminal knobs

Front 98

soma (aka cell body) of the nerve cell

Back 98

-made up of the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm of the nerve cell

Front 99

nucleus

Back 99

-The controlling center of the neuron
-The vowel or diphthong that follows the initial consonant or blend in a syllable

Front 100

Cytoplasm

Back 100

-water-based substance that surrounds the nucleus and helps metabolize protein essential for the maintenance and growth of the nerve cell

Front 101

Dendrites

Back 101

-Extend from the cytoplasmic material
-receptive (afferent) processes that help transmit neural impulses generated from other nerve cells to the cell body

Front 102

Axons

Back 102

-motor (efferent) processes that transmit information away from the cell body to other nerve cells
-The neural messages conveyed from one nerve cell to another through these specialized extensions can be inhibitory or excitatory
-Can communicate with various targets including a muscle, a gland, or other nerve cells

Front 103

axon terminals

Back 103

-At its terminal end, the axon divides into these
-These are covered with end buttons or terminal knobs

Front 104

end buttons (aka terminal knobs)

Back 104

cover the axon terminals

Front 105

myelin

Back 105

-protective and insulating material that covers the length of the axon

Front 106

nerve fiber

Back 106

-sometimes used in reference to an axon and its myelin sheath.

Front 107

terminal knob

Back 107

-tip of an axon
-contains and releases neurotransmitters

Front 108

synapse

Back 108

-point of junction between two neurons
-consists of a terminal knob of one neuron, the receptive site of another neuron and the synaptic cleft (space) between the two

Front 109

synaptic cleft

Back 109

-space between the terminal knob of one neuron and the receptive site of the other

Front 110

neurotransmitter

Back 110

-when released these chemically activate the receptive sites of the neuron and help generate the electrical nerve impulses necessary for stimulation of the nerve cell body.

Front 111

cerebral cortex

Back 111

-outtermost portion of the brain
-highly convoluted portion that can be seen best in an undissected brain
-organized in 6 layers
-a structure of ridges and valleys that are technically called gyri and sulci

Front 112

sulci

Back 112

-valleys in cerebral cortex

Front 113

gyri

Back 113

-ridges in cerebral cortex

Front 114

cerebral hemispheres

Back 114

-cerebrum consists of two of these
-these are almost identical in appearance but differ in function

Front 115

longitudinal fissure

Back 115

-divides the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 116

corpus callosum

Back 116

-a think bundle of myelinated fibers that interconnect the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 117

contralateral motor control

Back 117

-this is a neurological principle that suggest each cerebral hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.
-For almost 95% of the population, speech and language are initiated and processed in the left hemisphere.

Front 118

central sulcus

Back 118

-aka the fissure of Rolando
-deep cortical valley
-serves as primary bounary between the frontal lobe on its anterior surface and the parietal lobe on its superior surface by the lateral fissure

Front 119

parieto-occipital sulcus

Back 119

-separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe on its posterior surfaces

Front 120

Frontal lobe

Back 120

-largest of all lobes
-major portion of this lobe sits in front of the central sulcus
-a smaller inferior section of this lobe lies above the lateral fissure
-Occupies 1/3 of the cerebral hemisphere
-houses primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex and Brocas area

Front 121

primary motor cortex

Back 121

-located on precentral gyrus
-controls voluntary movements in the opposite side of the body
-All muscles of the body (including speech production ones) are connected to this through descending motor nerve cells

Front 122

homunculus

Back 122

-illustrates the connections of the primary motor cortex through a point for point representation of muscles in the body in the motor cortex

Front 123

premotor cortex (aka supplementary motor cortex)

Back 123

-lies anterior to precentral sulcus
-a fissure situated in front of the primary motor cortex
-may help complex and skilled motor movements such as playing the piano and producing prepositional speech

Front 124

Broca's area

Back 124

-area typically located in the lower section of the frontal lobe just anterior to the portion of the primary motor cortext that controls the jaw, lip, tongue, and layrngeal movements (inferior frontal gyrus)
-important area for production of fluent and well-articulated speech
-found in left hemisphere (usually most speech dominant hemisphere for most people)
-damage to this area leads tospeech production problems

Front 125

Temporal lobe

Back 125

-shaped like a thumb
-below the frontal and temporal lobes
-lateral fissure is it superior boundary
-contains three prominant gyri: superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri
-houses imp areas for speech and language
-houses imp specialization areas for hearing (inc auditory association area, the primary auditory cortex and Wernicke's area)

Front 126

primary auditory cortex

Back 126

-situated on the superior temporal gyrus
-posterior to this is the auditory association area

Front 127

Heschl's gyri

Back 127

-sometimes used in reference to the transverse convolutions that make up the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association cortex

Front 128

Wernicke's area

Back 128

-area located inthe posterior superior portion of the first temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere
-large area
-believed to help humans both understand and formulate speech and language
-damage to this area means difficulty in both the comprehension and production of speech

Front 129

Parietal lobe

Back 129

-posterior to the frontal lobe and superior to the temporal lobe
-another large lobe
-primary somatic sensory area
-integrates contralateral body sensations such as pain, touch, temperature, and pressure in the primary sensory cortex
-Also houses supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus. Damage to these in the language dominant hemisphere may lead to word-finding problems, reading and writing deficits and arithmetic problems

Front 130

primary sensory cortex (PSC)

Back 130

-major portion of this located on postcentral gyrus
-receives sensory somatic information from all the muscles of the body (inc those of face, neck and head)

Front 131

Occipital lobe

Back 131

-located posterior to the parietal lobe and superior to cerebellum
-makes up most posterior portion of the cerebrum
-primarily concerned with vision
-little relation to speech, language and hearing

Front 132

basal ganglia

Back 132

-deep structures that cannot be observed in an undissected brain because they are surrounded by cerebral hemispheres
-referred to as subcortical structures
-primarily made of gray matter
-point of intercommunication for various neurological subsystems
-part of the extrapyramidal system

Front 133

corpus striatum

Back 133

-term that refers to three nuclear masses that make up the basal ganlion: the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

Front 134

substantia nigra

Back 134

-functionally related to the basal ganglia but not anatomically apart of it
-important part of the extrapyramidal system

Front 135

Cerebellum

Back 135

-imp structure of CNS
-sits below occipital lobe of cerebrum and behind the brain stem
-serves as coordinator of fine motor movements, body posture and balance
-included are running, talking, typing, writing, dancing and playing the piano

Front 136

brain stem

Back 136

-oldest part of brain
-connects brain with spinal cord through the diencephalon
-bridge between cerebellum and other CNS structures
-made up of midbrain, pons and medulla
-controls life-supporting functions such as breathing, swallowing, and regulating heartbeats

Front 137

midbrain (aka mesencephalon)

Back 137

-sits below diencephalon and above the pons
-contains the superior peduncles
-also contains the corpora quadrigemina
-houses the cranial nerve nuclei for oculomotor and trochlear nerves (these are not implicated in speech production)

Front 138

superior peduncles

Back 138

-help connect the brain stem to cerebellum
-contained in the midbrain

Front 139

corpora quadrigemina

Back 139

-in the midbrain
-made up of the paired inferior and superior coliculi

Front 140

inferior and superior coloiculi

Back 140

-one of these serve as relay stations for the transmission of auditory neural impulses from the ear to the auditory cortex
-The other one of these help in reflex control of the eye movements, visual reflexes, and coordination of vestibular generated head and eye movements

Front 141

pons

Back 141

-huge bulging appearance on anterior surface
-located just below the midbrain
-serves as a connection point between various cerebral structures and the cerebellum throught the middle and inferior peduncles
-contains many descending motor fibers and houses various cranial nerve nuclei imp for speech production
-the trigeminal and facial nerves have their nuclei located within the pons

Front 142

middle and inferior peduncles

Back 142

located within the pons
-connection point between various cerebral strutures and the cerebllum

Front 143

medulla

Back 143

-most inferior portion of brain stem
-sometimes called medulla oblongata

Front 144

medulla oblongata

Back 144

-aka medulla
-cone shaped appearance
-imp for speech because contains number descending fibers that carry motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei
-Also contains motor fibers that descend to the spinal cord for innervation of the spinal nerves
-cranial nerve nuclei housed here

Front 145

association fibers

Back 145

-fibers that interconnect various areas of the cortex within each hemisphere
-some are short and others are long
-the short fibers connect gyri that are in the same lobe and the long fibers connect between lobes

Front 146

projection fibers

Back 146

-fibers that run in vertical direction
-establish connections between the cortex and subcortical structures such as basal ganglia, the cerebellum, the brain stem, and the spinal cord
-Some of these fibers carry sensory info and others carry motor info

Front 147

arcuate fasciculus

Back 147

-a type of specialized association fiber
-one of the most imp for speech
-connects Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe with Broca's area in the frontal lobe

Front 148

conduction aphasia

Back 148

-A lesion to the arcuate fasciculus disconnects Wernicke's and Broca's and may lead to a langauge disorder known as this

Front 149

commisural fibers

Back 149

-fibers that run horizontally in the brain
-help to interconnect the two hemispheres
-the major bundle of these is the corpus callosum

Front 150

peripheral nervous system

Back 150

-2nd major division of the human nervous system
-made up of 3 types of nerves: cranial, spinal and peripheral

Front 151

cranial nerves

Back 151

-originate from brain stem and exit the base of the skull through foramina
-these nerves innervate the head, neck, face, larynx, pharynx, tongue, and some glands
-several of these nerves are essential for speech production, which others serve for special senses
-These nerves can motor, sensory or both
-There are 12 pairs of these nerves (On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn And German Vended At Hops)

Front 152

Cranial nerves for speech

Back 152

Trigeminal, facial, vestibuloacoustic,glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

Front 153

internal auditory meatus

Back 153

-the opening through which auditory nerve exits the innner ear

Front 154

pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve

Back 154

-supplies the pharyngeal constrictors and all of the muscles of the soft palate (exc the tensor tympani)

Front 155

accessory nerve (XI)

Back 155

-motor nerve
-is a cranial and spinal nerve
-some fibers originate in the brain stem and others originate in the spinal cord

Front 156

hypoglossal nerve

Back 156

-motor nerve
-primarily innervates muscles of the tongue

Front 157

internal capsule

Back 157

an area of concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brain stem

Front 158

corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

Back 158

-refer to a bundle of nerve fibers running through the CNS
-These make up the pyramidal system
-These are further subdivided into lower and upper motor neurons

Front 159

corticobulbar tracts

Back 159

-Vital for speech production
-control all voluntary movements of the speech muscles, with exception of respiratory muscles
-primarily originate in the motor cortex
-terminate at the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves (III-XII) in the brain stem

Front 160

neuraxis

Back 160

another name for brain or spinal cord

Front 161

monosynaptic connections

Back 161

In the corticobulbar tract, the synapse is with the cranial nerves via the cranial nerve nuclei at different levels of the brain stem. This is one example.

Front 162

lower and upper motor neurons

Back 162

-upper motor neurons originate in the cerebral cortex and descend to the ventral horns of the spinal cord and terminate at the cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem
-upper motor neurons do not exit the neuraxis, they stay within the CNS
-lower motor neurons include nerve fibers that in fact exit the neuraxis (brain or spinal cord) and communicate with the cranial and spinal nerves

Front 163

spasticity

Back 163

-refers to excessive tone of the muscles
-this type of muscle movement is abrupt, jerky, rigid, slow, and labored; the head may be drawn back and rotated to one side of the body

Front 164

extrapyramidal system

Back 164

-another motor system with importance in speech production
-includes such subcortical nuclei as the basal ganglia, subthalamus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and the various pathways that interconnect them
-an indirect activation system

Front 165

polysnaptic

Back 165

-For example, the extrapyramidal tract makes many synaptic connections before impulses reach the lower motor neuron to affect regulated and coordinated muscular movement

Front 166

inhibitory and facilitatory

Back 166

The effect of the extrapyramidal system on muscular movement is primarily inhibitory rather than facilitatory as in the pyramidal (or direct) system

Front 167

dys

Back 167

dys=disorder

Front 168

kinesis

Back 168

kinesis=movement

Front 169

Hyperkinesias

Back 169

-term used to descrbe too little movement or a limited range of movement

Front 170

Bradykinesia

Back 170

-refers to slow movements

Front 171

Parkinson's disease

Back 171

-tremors in the muscles at rest

Front 172

Huntington's disease

Back 172

-Hyperkinetic chorea is a symptom of this

Front 173

spasmodic dysphonia

Back 173

-voice disorder characterized by aphonia and strained, labored whisper

Front 174

theory

Back 174

-an explanation of a phenomenon

Front 175

articulatory model

Back 175

specifies only the articulatory movements of the speech mechanism

Front 176

vocal tract model

Back 176

describes the shaping of the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities

Front 177

servosystem model

Back 177

-this model's primary concern is the feedback mechanisms involved in speech

Front 178

motor control model

Back 178

specifies neural control of speech muscles

Front 179

motor program

Back 179

-specifies a sequence of movement to achieve a target response