Articulation Disorders Exam 1

Front 1

SODA

Back 1

Substitutions
Omissions
Distortions
Additions

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Phone

Back 2

any instance of a speech sound

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Phoneme

Back 3

Group or class of speech sounds that pattern together in a language to change word meanings

Members of the "class" are each called allophones of that phoneme

Abstract linguistic concepts

Identified through Minimal Pairs

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Minimal Pair

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2 words that differ in meaning and also differ by on ly a single speech sound

pin-sin
boot-beet

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Children must learn:

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1. Inventory of contrastive phonemes
2. Allophonic rules
3. Phonotactics (morpheme structure rules and sequential constraints)
4. Morphophonemic rules

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English includes

Back 6

More vowels than most languages
More dental fricatives

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English Allophonic Rules

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VL stop consonants are aspirated in syllable-initial position
Pat vs taP

V obstruents are partially devoiced when they occur before VL sounds
Add two vs aedtu

Vowels are nasalized when followed by a nasal consonant
Kan vs Kat

Vowels are longer when they are followed by V sounds
pig vs pick

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Phonotactics

Back 8

Includes morpheme structure rules

Eng- prefix, suffix
(Infix, circumfix)

Includes sequential constraints

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Morphophonemic Rules

Back 9

English plural /s/

Past tense "ed"

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English plural /s/

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bat [s] When the word ends in a voiceless (non-sibilant) sound

dog [z] when the word ends in a voiced (non-sibilant) sound

house [ez] -When the word ends in a sibilant

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Past tense -ed

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wave [d]- When the word ends in voiced sound (except d)

talk [t]- when the word ends in a VL sound (except t)

pad [ed]- when the word ends in t or d

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What is a phonological disorder?

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A linguistic (lang based) prob
Central problem (software glitch)
Also called cognitive-linguistic problem
Speech sound errors due to phonological disorders= "phonemic" errors

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When does a child have a phonological disorder?

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Persisting normal processes
chronological mismatch
unusual processes
systematic sound preference
variable use of processes

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Articulation vs Phonological disorders

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Artic- peripheral issues
should not affect lang syntax or morph

Phon-Central
may affect other areas of lang

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Phonetic error

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problems physically producing the sound
-also called motor problems or artic problems

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Phonemic error

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problem knowing how the sound fits into the system
AKA linguistic prob, phonological prob

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Two kinds of inventories

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Phonetic- list all

Phonemic- list phonemes used correctly

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Vowel

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A speech sound that is formed without a significant constriction of the oral and pharyngeal cavities, and that serves as a syllable nucleus.

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Significant constriction

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cavities are never narrowed to the same degree as a consonant

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syllable nucleus

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only one vowel sound occurs within the boundaries of a syllable unit

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i

Back 21

seed

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I

Back 22

List
City

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e

Back 23

holidAy

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E

Back 24

bet
expect

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ae

Back 25

glass
piano

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u

Back 26

ooze
dew

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U
(horseshoe)

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wood
hoof
bull

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o

Back 28

rotate
ocean

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e (upsidown)

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haunt
office
law

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UCT

Back 30

Underwater Construction Team 3 Officers, 45 Enlisted, 48 total

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Consonants are described by:

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Place
Manner
Voice

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General Rule for artic

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by age 6- intelligible

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The cochlea (inner ear) and auditory nerve are complete by:

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24 weeks
Still have 15-16 weeks until birth

Language learning may be starting

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Newborn Disadvantages

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Split brained
Mostly subcortical-neurons lack myelin
Mostly reflexive
Much remodeling going on in the skeleton, muscles and nervous system
Nonhuman mammalian head anatomy at birth

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Newborn oral cavity

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- Infant’s oral cavity is flat and almost filled by the tongue
- Oral cavity and pharynx are not well differentiated
- Pharynx is very short and larynx is very high (actually
contacts back of velum).
- All breathing must be through the nose.

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Newborn oral anatomy effects sph production

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Initially only nasal sounds are possible

Not possible to produce a variety of vowels or sonorant consonants bc larynx is not deep enough

By 6-8 months vocal tract shape resembles that of an
adult

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Oral movements + vocalization =

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sound play

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Stage 1

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reflexive crying and vegetative sounds

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Stage 2

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Cooing and laughter stage
vowel-like sounds, not well defined
may include some posterior consonant-like sounds
may include "quasi-resonant nuclei"

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Stage 3

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Vocal play stage
Emergence of prolonged vowels or sustained consonant-like sounds

changes in pitch and loudness

much more variation in tongue height and position

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Stage 4 (6+ months)

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Stages of Canonical babbling

reduplicated /bababa/
Variegated babbling /badigodiga/

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The content of babbling
certain vowels occur more frequently

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alveolars + front vowels /dae dae/

velars+ back vowels /gu gu/

labials+ central vowels /b^ b^/

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Stage 5 (10+ months)

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Jargon Stage

overlaps w/ first words
babbling with changes in intonation, rhythm and pausing
Sounds like sentences without words

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First 50 words

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big milestone
around 1 year

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What is a first word

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relatively stable phonetic form that is produced consistently in a particular context and is recognizably related to the adultlike word form

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David Ingram 6 major stages of phonological development

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1. Birth- 12 mo: prelinguistic vocalizations
2. 12-18 mo: phonology of the first 50 words
3. 1;6-4;0 Phonology of simple morphemes
-browns stages I-IV
-vowel inventory complete by 3
-fully intelligible by 4 (w/ some errors)
4. 4-7: completion of phoneme inventory
5. 7-12 Morphophonemic dev
6. 12+ spelling

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Largest gains in phonological development occur between

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1;6 and 5;0

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Data suggests that 70% of children have mastered all the vowels by about age

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3

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3 main phonological processes

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Syllable structure
Substitution
Assimilation

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Syllable structure

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Unstressed-syllable deletion
Reduplication
Diminutization- dolly
epenthesis
ICD
FCD
Cluster reduction
cluster substitution

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Substitution Processes

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stopping
deaffricating
velar fronting
Depalatization
backing
liquid gliding
vocalization

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Assimilation processes

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labial
velar
nasal
alveolar
prevocalic voicing
postvocalit devoicing
Total and Partial assimilation

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Suppression of processes

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development should get rid of them naturally

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Prosodic development

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Contrastive stress
mastery of entire prosodic system is probably not complete until 12