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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
vocal folds
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-pair of thin muscles in the larynx whose vibrations are the source of voice
-also called vocal cords |
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diaphragm
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-a thick dome shaped muscle that separates the stomach from the thorax, important for respiration
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abdomen
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-section below diaphragm that houses important organs such as the kidneys, liver, and intestines
-works of various abdominal muscles provide an important active force in exhalation |
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thoracic cavity
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-lungs are housed in thoracic cavity
-contains a bony structure, a muscular portion, and the respiratory passages |
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rib cage (thoracic cage)
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-the bony framework of the thoracic cavity
-a cylinder-like structure of 12 ribs that houses vital organs including the heart and the lungs |
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trachea
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-a tube formed by a ring of cartilages leading to the lungs
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bronchial tubes
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respiratory passage located within the thoracic cavity
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cartilage
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-tough connective tissues as in the thyroid cartilage, which is one of the cartilages of the larynx
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larynx
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-tubelike structure in the neck that includes various muscles along with the noval folds, cartilages, and membranes
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thoracic vertebrae
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-12 located within the posterious surface of the rib cage
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sternum
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located anterior surface of ribs
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ribs
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-run in a curved lateral fashion from the spinal column vertebrae in the back to their own costal cartilage in the front
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costal cartilage
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-articulate directly with sternum
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external intercostals
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-11 paired
-raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the cavity for inhalation |
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internal intercostals
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-11 paired
-pull ribs down to decrease diameter of the cavity for exhalation |
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subcostals
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-along with the internal intercostals, the subcostals pull the lower ribs down and apart to decrease the cavity size
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phrenic nerves
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-diaphragm is innervated by the cervical spinal nerves 3 to 5 which are collectively known as the phrenic nerves
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scalene muscles
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-originate from the cervical vertebrae and insert into the upper surface of ribs 1 and 2
-help to elevate and fixate the ribs for inhalation |
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pectoralis major
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-minor muscles (pectoralis major and minor) help to elevate the ribs
-originates at the head of the humerus bone and inserts to the anterior end of the clavicle, sternum and costal cartilages 2 to 6 |
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pectoralis minor
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-point of origin is scapula
-point of insertion is the bony ends of ribs 2 to 5 |
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transverse thoracic and quadratus lumborum muscles
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-assist in depressing the ribs for exhalation
-transverse thoracic muscles originate in the internal surface of the sternum and xiphoid process and insert into the costal cartilages and bony end of ribs 2 to 6 -quadratus lumborum has several points of origin including the posterior part of the iliac crest, the iliolumbar ligament and the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 3,4, and 5. Its point of insertion is the lower border of rib 12 and the tendons of the abdominal muscles. It helps depress rib 12 and aids in fixing the origin of the diaphragm |
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hyoid bone
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-a u-shaped bone that floats under the jaw
-the muscles of the tongue and various muscles of the skull, larynx, and jaw are attached to this bone |
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thyroid notch
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-v-shaped notch that marks approximate anterior attachment of the vocal folds
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cricoid
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-ring-shaped with a plate on the posterior side (posterior quadrate laminae) and a narrower band forming the front and lateral sides (anterior arch)
-anterior arch of cricoid contains small oval articular facets on each side, which connect witht he inferior horns of the thryoid |
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arytenoids
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-two small pyramid shaped cartilages capable of various kinds of movements; the vocal folds move accordingly because of their attachment to the arytenoids
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adam's apple
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-the lay term for the thyroid notch in the larynx
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thyroid notch
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-V-shaped notch
-marks approximate anterior attachmnet of vocal folds |
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cricoid cartilage
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-below thyroid cartilage and above uppermost tracheal ring
-ring-shaped with plate on posterior side (posterior quadrate laminae) -a narrower band forms front and lateral sides (anterior arch) |
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inferior horns of the thyroid
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-connect with the articular facets
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arytenoid
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-each contains a vocal process and a lateral or muscular process
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vocal process
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-extend anteriorly and have the vocal folds attached to them
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lateral or muscular processes
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-have several muscles attached to them that help the vocal folds open or close
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extrinsic muscles
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-type of muscles of the larynx
-have one attachment to structures outside of the larynx -provide a supportive framework for larynx -fix larynx in place -can lower or raise the larynx to influence sound production |
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intrinsic muscles
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-type of muscles of larynx
-have both attachments confined to larynx -directly responsible for production of sound -leading role in phonation |
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adduct
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-closing or nearly closing of the vocal folds
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abduct
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-opening or drawing apart the vocal folds
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vocal folds are divided into the ________, the medial part and the _________________, which is the lateral part of the same muscle.
Together, they form the ____________ ____________ |
thyrovocalis (vocalis), thryomuscularis, thyroarytenoid muscle
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glottis
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-space between the vocal folds
-open when vocal folds are apart and is closed or nearly so when they are approximated -During quiet breathing, this is in an open position -not a bony or muscular structure but a space formed by the muscles of the vocal folds |
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Adduction or approximation of the vocal folds is accomplished through the interaction of the ______ _______ _______, the ________ ________ ________, and the ________ _____________ ___________.
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lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, transverse arytenoid muscles, and the oblique arytenoid muscles
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lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
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-swivel the arytenoid cartilages toward the middle of the larynx
-Helps with partial adduction |
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transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles
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-actions of these will help achieve complete adduction
-as these muscles contract, they pull the arytenoids and the vocal folds together, which assists the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles in completely closing off the glottis |
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posterior cricoarytenoid
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-act in opposition to the major vocal fold adductors
-responsible for abducting the vocal folds -originate on both sides of posterior plate of cricoid cartilage and attach to the lateral processes of arytenoid cartilages -as they contract, they pull the arytenoids and make them swivel laterally |
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cricothyroid muscles
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-fan shaped muscle
-originates at cricoid cartilage and inserts into thyroid cartilage -consists of pars oblique and pars recta -another muscle that tenses and elongates the vocal folds leading ot pitch variation |
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subglottic air pressure
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-air pressure built up below the vocal folds because of adduction
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supraglottic air pressure
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-air pressure that is above the vocal folds
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glottal chink
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-opening of vocal folds begins posteriorly in this space and then moves anteriorly
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Bernoulli effect
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-causes closing of the vocal folds after they have been forcefully opened (abducted)
-this is the increased velocity and decreased pressure when gases or liquids move through a constricted passage |
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myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation
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-a theory that states that vocal fold vibrations are due to air pressure, the difference between positive and negative pressure, and the elasticity of the muscles
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The laryngeal tone is modified into perceptibly different voice qualities by the structures that serve as vocal sound resonators: the _______ ________, the ________ ________, and the ________ ________
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pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity, and the nasal cavity
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velum
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-the soft palate
-formed by the muscles that help raise or lower it |
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articulation
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-in speech, movement of the speech mechanism to produce the sound of speech
-One of the 4 basic processes involved in speech production |
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articulators
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-organs of the speech production mechanism
-help produce meaningful sound by interrupting the flow of exhaled air or by narrowing the space for its passage -includes the lips, tongue, velum, jaw, hard palate, alveolar ridge and teeth |
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alveolar ridge
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-a ridge on the maxilla that overlies the roots of the teeth
-most often located behind the upper anterior teeth. -In most people, serves as point of articulation for English sounds /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/ |
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Several ______ and ______ make up the bulk of the tongue
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intrinsic and extrinsic
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The four intrinsic muscles that shape the tongue into various contours
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superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse and vertical
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The four extrinsic muscles that help move the tongue into various positions within the oral cavity
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genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, and styloglossus
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The lips are made up primarily of the ________ _______ muscle.
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obicularis oris
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bilabials
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-/p/, /b/, and /m/
-These involve both lips -they are produced primarily by the 2 lips |
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labiodentals
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-/f/ and /v/
-Sounds that are produced by the lips and teeth |
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mandible
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-The lower jaw, which forms the floor of the mouth and houses the lower set of teeth
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velum or soft palate
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-The soft palate
-formed by muscles that help raise or lower it |
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hard palate
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-The roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity
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uvula
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-small cone shaped structure hanging from the velum
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velum contains several muscles including the ______ ______ ______, _______ _______ ______, __________, __________, and ________
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levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, and uvulae
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velopharngeal closure
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-The physiologic act of closing the nasal cavity from the oral cavity so that air is directed through the mouth rather than the nose
-closure is achieved by intricate upward, backward, and lateral movements of the velum and various pharyngeal muscles |
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velopharyngeal port
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-The structure that connects the oral and nasal passages
-It may be closed or opened by various muscle actions |
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maxilla
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-A pair of large, facial bones that form the a major portion of the hard palate and the upper jaw
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palatine bones
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-A part of the hard palate
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palatine process
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-The central, platelike portion of the maxillary bones
-Embryonically identified as the secondary palate -forms the major portion of the roof of the mouth and the hard palate |
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alveolar process
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-The outer edges of the maxillary bone (upper jaw) that house the molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth
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premaxilla
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-The front portion of the maxillary bone
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alveolar ridge
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-A ridge on the maxilla that overlies the roots of the teeth, most often located behind the upper anterior teeth
-In most people, serves as the point of articulation for English sounds /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/ |
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auricle/pinna
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-The most visible part of the outer ear
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external auditory meatus/ear canal
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-It is the muscular tube that resonates the sound that enters it
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tympanic membrane
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-The thin, semitransparent, cone shaped eardrum, which is highly sensitive to sound
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malleus
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-The first bone of the ossicular chain located in the middle ear and attached to the tympanic membrane
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incus
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-The second and middle bone of the ossicular chain inthe middle ear
-See also malleus and stapes |
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stapes
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-One of the three bones of ossicular chain int he middle ear
-See also malleus and incus |
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oval window of the inner ear
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-A opening to, and a part of the inner ear
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tensor tympani
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-A muscle in the middle ear that tenses the eardrum
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stapedius muscle
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-A small muscle attached to the stapes in the middle ear
-In response to loud sounds, it normally contracts to stiffen the ossicular chain |
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acoustic reflex
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-Reflexive contraction of the tensor tympani and the stapedius muscles triggered by loud sounds and noises
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labyrinth (of the temporal lobe)
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-A fluid-filled system of interconnecting canals and passages that houses structures of the inner ear
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perilymph
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-The fluid that fills the canals that lie within the inner ear
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semicircular canals
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-Structures of the inner ear responsible for maintaining balance (equilibrium)
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cochlea
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-The main inner ear structure of hearing
-It looks like the shell of a snail and is filled with a fluid called endolymph |
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endolymph
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-A kind of fluid that fills the cochlea
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basilar membrane
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-The floor of the cochlea
-contains the organ of Corti and its several thousand hair cells that respond to sound |
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organ of Corti
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-The inner ear's structure of hearing
-Contains the hair cells that respond to sound |
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cilia
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hairlike structures
-aka hair cells |
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hair cells
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hairlike structures (cilia) found on the organ of Corti
-They respond to sound vibrations |
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Reissner's mebrane
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-As vibrations delivered by the foot plate of the stapes reach the inner ear's oval window, wavelike movements are created in the perilymph
-The movements are then transmitted tot eh endolymph through this. -This in turn transmits them to the basilar membrane |
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vestibuloacoustic nerve (aka cranial nerve VIII)
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The vestibular branch of the cranial nerve, which is concerned with balance, body position, and movement
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vestibular division
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-One of the primary divisions of the cranial nerve VIIII
-This one is concerned with body equilibrium |
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auditory division
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-One of the primary divisions of the cranial nerve VIII
-This one is concerned with hearing |
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central nervous system
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The brain and the spinal cord
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neurons
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-A single nerve cell
-Meaning, specialized cells that make up the central nervous system; basic building blocks in the CNS responsible for receiving, transmitting, and synthesizing information; each one consists of of a single axon, a cell body, dendrites, and many terminal knobs |
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soma (aka cell body) of the nerve cell
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-made up of the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm of the nerve cell
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nucleus
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-The controlling center of the neuron
-The vowel or diphthong that follows the initial consonant or blend in a syllable |
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Cytoplasm
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-water-based substance that surrounds the nucleus and helps metabolize protein essential for the maintenance and growth of the nerve cell
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Dendrites
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-Extend from the cytoplasmic material
-receptive (afferent) processes that help transmit neural impulses generated from other nerve cells to the cell body |
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Axons
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-motor (efferent) processes that transmit information away from the cell body to other nerve cells
-The neural messages conveyed from one nerve cell to another through these specialized extensions can be inhibitory or excitatory -Can communicate with various targets including a muscle, a gland, or other nerve cells |
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axon terminals
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-At its terminal end, the axon divides into these
-These are covered with end buttons or terminal knobs |
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end buttons (aka terminal knobs)
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cover the axon terminals
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myelin
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-protective and insulating material that covers the length of the axon
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nerve fiber
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-sometimes used in reference to an axon and its myelin sheath.
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terminal knob
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-tip of an axon
-contains and releases neurotransmitters |
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synapse
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-point of junction between two neurons
-consists of a terminal knob of one neuron, the receptive site of another neuron and the synaptic cleft (space) between the two |
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synaptic cleft
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-space between the terminal knob of one neuron and the receptive site of the other
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neurotransmitter
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-when released these chemically activate the receptive sites of the neuron and help generate the electrical nerve impulses necessary for stimulation of the nerve cell body.
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cerebral cortex
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-outtermost portion of the brain
-highly convoluted portion that can be seen best in an undissected brain -organized in 6 layers -a structure of ridges and valleys that are technically called gyri and sulci |
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sulci
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-valleys in cerebral cortex
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gyri
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-ridges in cerebral cortex
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cerebral hemispheres
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-cerebrum consists of two of these
-these are almost identical in appearance but differ in function |
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longitudinal fissure
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-divides the left and right cerebral hemispheres
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corpus callosum
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-a think bundle of myelinated fibers that interconnect the two cerebral hemispheres
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contralateral motor control
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-this is a neurological principle that suggest each cerebral hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.
-For almost 95% of the population, speech and language are initiated and processed in the left hemisphere. |
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central sulcus
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-aka the fissure of Rolando
-deep cortical valley -serves as primary bounary between the frontal lobe on its anterior surface and the parietal lobe on its superior surface by the lateral fissure |
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parieto-occipital sulcus
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-separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe on its posterior surfaces
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Frontal lobe
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-largest of all lobes
-major portion of this lobe sits in front of the central sulcus -a smaller inferior section of this lobe lies above the lateral fissure -Occupies 1/3 of the cerebral hemisphere -houses primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex and Brocas area |
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primary motor cortex
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-located on precentral gyrus
-controls voluntary movements in the opposite side of the body -All muscles of the body (including speech production ones) are connected to this through descending motor nerve cells |
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homunculus
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-illustrates the connections of the primary motor cortex through a point for point representation of muscles in the body in the motor cortex
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premotor cortex (aka supplementary motor cortex)
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-lies anterior to precentral sulcus
-a fissure situated in front of the primary motor cortex -may help complex and skilled motor movements such as playing the piano and producing prepositional speech |
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Broca's area
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-area typically located in the lower section of the frontal lobe just anterior to the portion of the primary motor cortext that controls the jaw, lip, tongue, and layrngeal movements (inferior frontal gyrus)
-important area for production of fluent and well-articulated speech -found in left hemisphere (usually most speech dominant hemisphere for most people) -damage to this area leads tospeech production problems |
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Temporal lobe
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-shaped like a thumb
-below the frontal and temporal lobes -lateral fissure is it superior boundary -contains three prominant gyri: superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri -houses imp areas for speech and language -houses imp specialization areas for hearing (inc auditory association area, the primary auditory cortex and Wernicke's area) |
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primary auditory cortex
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-situated on the superior temporal gyrus
-posterior to this is the auditory association area |
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Heschl's gyri
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-sometimes used in reference to the transverse convolutions that make up the primary auditory cortex and the auditory association cortex
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Wernicke's area
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-area located inthe posterior superior portion of the first temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere
-large area -believed to help humans both understand and formulate speech and language -damage to this area means difficulty in both the comprehension and production of speech |
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Parietal lobe
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-posterior to the frontal lobe and superior to the temporal lobe
-another large lobe -primary somatic sensory area -integrates contralateral body sensations such as pain, touch, temperature, and pressure in the primary sensory cortex -Also houses supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus. Damage to these in the language dominant hemisphere may lead to word-finding problems, reading and writing deficits and arithmetic problems |
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primary sensory cortex (PSC)
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-major portion of this located on postcentral gyrus
-receives sensory somatic information from all the muscles of the body (inc those of face, neck and head) |
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Occipital lobe
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-located posterior to the parietal lobe and superior to cerebellum
-makes up most posterior portion of the cerebrum -primarily concerned with vision -little relation to speech, language and hearing |
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basal ganglia
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-deep structures that cannot be observed in an undissected brain because they are surrounded by cerebral hemispheres
-referred to as subcortical structures -primarily made of gray matter -point of intercommunication for various neurological subsystems -part of the extrapyramidal system |
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corpus striatum
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-term that refers to three nuclear masses that make up the basal ganlion: the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
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substantia nigra
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-functionally related to the basal ganglia but not anatomically apart of it
-important part of the extrapyramidal system |
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Cerebellum
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-imp structure of CNS
-sits below occipital lobe of cerebrum and behind the brain stem -serves as coordinator of fine motor movements, body posture and balance -included are running, talking, typing, writing, dancing and playing the piano |
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brain stem
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-oldest part of brain
-connects brain with spinal cord through the diencephalon -bridge between cerebellum and other CNS structures -made up of midbrain, pons and medulla -controls life-supporting functions such as breathing, swallowing, and regulating heartbeats |
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midbrain (aka mesencephalon)
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-sits below diencephalon and above the pons
-contains the superior peduncles -also contains the corpora quadrigemina -houses the cranial nerve nuclei for oculomotor and trochlear nerves (these are not implicated in speech production) |
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superior peduncles
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-help connect the brain stem to cerebellum
-contained in the midbrain |
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corpora quadrigemina
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-in the midbrain
-made up of the paired inferior and superior coliculi |
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inferior and superior coloiculi
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-one of these serve as relay stations for the transmission of auditory neural impulses from the ear to the auditory cortex
-The other one of these help in reflex control of the eye movements, visual reflexes, and coordination of vestibular generated head and eye movements |
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pons
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-huge bulging appearance on anterior surface
-located just below the midbrain -serves as a connection point between various cerebral structures and the cerebellum throught the middle and inferior peduncles -contains many descending motor fibers and houses various cranial nerve nuclei imp for speech production -the trigeminal and facial nerves have their nuclei located within the pons |
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middle and inferior peduncles
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located within the pons
-connection point between various cerebral strutures and the cerebllum |
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medulla
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-most inferior portion of brain stem
-sometimes called medulla oblongata |
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medulla oblongata
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-aka medulla
-cone shaped appearance -imp for speech because contains number descending fibers that carry motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei -Also contains motor fibers that descend to the spinal cord for innervation of the spinal nerves -cranial nerve nuclei housed here |
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association fibers
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-fibers that interconnect various areas of the cortex within each hemisphere
-some are short and others are long -the short fibers connect gyri that are in the same lobe and the long fibers connect between lobes |
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projection fibers
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-fibers that run in vertical direction
-establish connections between the cortex and subcortical structures such as basal ganglia, the cerebellum, the brain stem, and the spinal cord -Some of these fibers carry sensory info and others carry motor info |
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arcuate fasciculus
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-a type of specialized association fiber
-one of the most imp for speech -connects Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe with Broca's area in the frontal lobe |
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conduction aphasia
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-A lesion to the arcuate fasciculus disconnects Wernicke's and Broca's and may lead to a langauge disorder known as this
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commisural fibers
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-fibers that run horizontally in the brain
-help to interconnect the two hemispheres -the major bundle of these is the corpus callosum |
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peripheral nervous system
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-2nd major division of the human nervous system
-made up of 3 types of nerves: cranial, spinal and peripheral |
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cranial nerves
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-originate from brain stem and exit the base of the skull through foramina
-these nerves innervate the head, neck, face, larynx, pharynx, tongue, and some glands -several of these nerves are essential for speech production, which others serve for special senses -These nerves can motor, sensory or both -There are 12 pairs of these nerves (On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Finn And German Vended At Hops) |
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Cranial nerves for speech
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Trigeminal, facial, vestibuloacoustic,glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
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internal auditory meatus
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-the opening through which auditory nerve exits the innner ear
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pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve
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-supplies the pharyngeal constrictors and all of the muscles of the soft palate (exc the tensor tympani)
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accessory nerve (XI)
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-motor nerve
-is a cranial and spinal nerve -some fibers originate in the brain stem and others originate in the spinal cord |
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hypoglossal nerve
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-motor nerve
-primarily innervates muscles of the tongue |
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internal capsule
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an area of concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brain stem
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corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts
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-refer to a bundle of nerve fibers running through the CNS
-These make up the pyramidal system -These are further subdivided into lower and upper motor neurons |
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corticobulbar tracts
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-Vital for speech production
-control all voluntary movements of the speech muscles, with exception of respiratory muscles -primarily originate in the motor cortex -terminate at the motor nuclei of the cranial nerves (III-XII) in the brain stem |
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neuraxis
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another name for brain or spinal cord
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monosynaptic connections
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In the corticobulbar tract, the synapse is with the cranial nerves via the cranial nerve nuclei at different levels of the brain stem. This is one example.
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lower and upper motor neurons
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-upper motor neurons originate in the cerebral cortex and descend to the ventral horns of the spinal cord and terminate at the cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem
-upper motor neurons do not exit the neuraxis, they stay within the CNS -lower motor neurons include nerve fibers that in fact exit the neuraxis (brain or spinal cord) and communicate with the cranial and spinal nerves |
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spasticity
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-refers to excessive tone of the muscles
-this type of muscle movement is abrupt, jerky, rigid, slow, and labored; the head may be drawn back and rotated to one side of the body |
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extrapyramidal system
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-another motor system with importance in speech production
-includes such subcortical nuclei as the basal ganglia, subthalamus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and the various pathways that interconnect them -an indirect activation system |
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polysnaptic
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-For example, the extrapyramidal tract makes many synaptic connections before impulses reach the lower motor neuron to affect regulated and coordinated muscular movement
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inhibitory and facilitatory
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The effect of the extrapyramidal system on muscular movement is primarily inhibitory rather than facilitatory as in the pyramidal (or direct) system
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dys
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dys=disorder
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kinesis
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kinesis=movement
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Hyperkinesias
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-term used to descrbe too little movement or a limited range of movement
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Bradykinesia
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-refers to slow movements
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Parkinson's disease
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-tremors in the muscles at rest
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Huntington's disease
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-Hyperkinetic chorea is a symptom of this
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spasmodic dysphonia
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-voice disorder characterized by aphonia and strained, labored whisper
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theory
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-an explanation of a phenomenon
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articulatory model
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specifies only the articulatory movements of the speech mechanism
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vocal tract model
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describes the shaping of the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities
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servosystem model
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-this model's primary concern is the feedback mechanisms involved in speech
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motor control model
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specifies neural control of speech muscles
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motor program
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-specifies a sequence of movement to achieve a target response
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