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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Culture |
A complex frame of reference consisting of patterns of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, symbols, and meanings, shared by a community |
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What the 3 general central components of culture? |
1. Behavioral Influence 2. Perceptual Filter 3. Expressed Products |
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What are the links between culture and communication? |
-Environment -Communicator -Communication (verbal & nonverbal) |
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Define Intercultural Communication |
Any communication occurring between members of different cultures where com is influenced by their differing... -perspectives -perceptions -communication codes (defined dialectically) |
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Are cultural influences shifting & overlapping? |
YES |
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Give an example of how much influence each membership has in a given situation |
Organizational culture has the most influence while in the workplace, male genera norms may be most influential when "out w/the guys" |
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Give an example of influence among the members of a particular group |
Cultural information should be considered as a matter of central tendencies rather than as absolute rules |
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Hi vs. Low Context |
Whether norm is direct verbal expression or implicit expressed meaning |
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Individual vs. Collective |
Differ in extent with they promote individual or collective values/perspective |
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What's power distance? |
Degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power |
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Achievement vs. Nurturing |
What is emphasized. Sometimes referred to as Masculine vs. Feminine |
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Uncertainty Avoidance |
Degree to which members of a culture ar threatened by and tend to avoid ambiguous/changing situations |
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Perspectives on Time |
Poly vs. monochronistic, short vs. long term perspectives |
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Are cultural influences our specific individual judgments & perceptions? |
YES |
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What are generalizations? |
Inductions or inferences drawn about characteristics |
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What are stereotypes? |
Persistent generalizations associated with a cultural group -devaluing or stigmatizing aspects -can be positive |
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What's implicit superiority? |
Tendency to view our own cultural perceptions as 'correct' -natural reaction |
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What's ethnocentrism/cultural prejudice |
Other cultures perspectives/members are seen as inferior or flawed |
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Define Acculturation |
Process by which individuals acquire the norms, values & other elements of a particular culture -cyclical process -accommodation, overshooting, ethic affirmation |
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What are dialects? |
Culturally unique words/phrases |
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Emblems example |
Peace sign- US but means screw you in Australia/UK |
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Cultural communication styles reflects differences in what issues? |
1. Topic- what is appropriate for discussion & what is taboo 2. Context- appropriateness of time & place 3. Normative communication behaviors- general and situation-specfic; how communication related to interactions 'should' take place |
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What are factors that can be different in nonverbal norms |
-Proximity -Touch -Eye Contact -Dress/Appearance |
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How can we improve the efficacy of intercultural com interactions? |
Effort, attention, and willingness to adapt |
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Define Open-mindness/cultural relativism |
Being willing to accept another's cultural perspectives as valid to them to the some degree as your own perspectives are to you -don't have to agree -must adapt to situation or comprimise |
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Define practicing mindful communication |
Make an effort to remain alert & involved during com interactions |
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Factors of expect & tolerate uncertainty |
-Some degree of uncertainty is inevitable -Work to overcome, don't escalate frustration -Understand that the other party is likely experiencing similar uncertainty |
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Define Acquire cultural knowledge and skill |
Gain knowledge of a culture & learn how to practically apply it -not all info is equal |
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Define engage in perseon-centered communication |
Keep the other party's perspective & level of knowledge about your culture in mind |
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Define meta-communicate |
Talk about com/relationship -perspectives -priorities -perceptions |
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Define systems |
set of interdependent components with two key aspects |
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What are the 2 key aspects of systems? |
1. Complexity 2. Connection |
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What's a social system? |
Meaningfully applied to another element of communication-the environment |
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How are groups and organizations different? |
They are different in size and formality structure |
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What are characteristics of systems |
-Living -Systems change/grow over time -Tied to their environments nature/state of the environment impacts the system |
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Openness |
systems involved in "active exchange" with their environments |
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Interdependence |
functionality of one component/subsystem often relies on the functioning of other components -'inextricably connected' |
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Define Structure |
Elements which shape the system's patterns of behavior/action -formal= roles/postions, policies, defined pathways -informal= informal roles, social norms |
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Define organization |
A social system comprised of various individuals that organize and coordinate their efforts in order to achieve goals -it is flexible |
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What are some examples of organizations that aren't businesses? |
Non-profit, governmental, community, and interest based organizations |
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What is virtual organization? |
Used to describe an organization that predominantly relies on non-physical interaction or the aspects of a traditional organization that center on virtual exchanges |
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What is critical to consider about organizations/social systems? |
The specific nature & context of a particular social system when applying or analyzing principles from organizational and group communication |
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Define organizational communication |
The study of how the context of the organization influences communication processes. |
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What are the 2 key foci of organizational communication? |
1. Communication processes that play a key role in organizational contexts (social systems) 2. How the specific structure/characteristics of a particular organization (social system) impact communication |
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What is key to understanding an organizational system? |
Examining how the particular context of the org influences communication |
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What is structure? |
Elements which shape the system's patterns of behavior/action (communication/information in social systems) |
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Are organization structures static? |
NO, they evolve dynamically over time |
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What are the 2 forms of organizational structure? |
1. Formal- rules, divisions, policies, roles 2. Informal- chemistry, culture, individual attributes -often intertwined |
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Define leadership |
How key individuals influence an organization via role, imperative, decision making, motivation, exemplification |
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What is assimilation? |
Social & cognitive com processes surrounding individuals as they enter and move through social systems |
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What is decision making? |
Processes by which decisions are made, many possibilities |
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Organizational Climate |
Refers to the relatively enduring characteristics of an organization that describe the working environment, particularly with respect to communication |
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Supportive Climate |
Characterized by feelings of encouragement, mutual respect, supportiveness, understanding |
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Defensive Climate |
Characterized by feelings of being threatened, contempt, isolation, and lack of productivity |
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Evaluation vs. Description |
Defensive- an evaluative message reflects a judgement of a person Supportive- a descriptive message offers your thoughts, opinions, without any judgments |
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Neutrality vs. Empathy |
Defensive- a neutral message in this sense is one that implies indifference to the other Supportive- an empathic message demonstrates regard for the other, perspective-taking and accepting their feelings and opinions not necessarily agreeing with them |
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Superiority vs. Equality |
Defensive- messages which imply superiority or are patronizing will typically elicit a defensive response Supportive- message which imply equality are more useful in creating a positive climate |