Cognitive Psychology Exam 1

Front 1

Psychologist who studied mental chronometry and reaction-time

Back 1

Donders

Front 2

Mental responses cannot be measured directly but can be inferred from the participant's behavior

Back 2

Reaction-time

Front 3

Psychologist who studied memory and forgetting

Back 3

Ebbinghaus

Front 4

Short intervals=

Back 4

Fewer repetitions

Front 5

Psychologist who introduced structuralism (also know as the "father of psychology")

Back 5

Wundt

Front 6

Analytic Introspection

Back 6

participants trained to describe experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

Front 7

Watson's problems with structuralism and analytic introspection

Back 7

extremely variable results from person to person and results are difficult to verify

Front 8

Psychology who brought about behaviorism

Back 8

John Watson

Front 9

Behaviorism

Back 9

eliminate the mind as a topic of study and instead, study directly observable behavior

Front 10

Operant Behavior is associated with

Back 10

Skinner

Front 11

In Tolman's experiment, Behaviorism says:

Back 11

the rats learned to "turn right to find food"

Front 12

Tolman believed the rats:

Back 12

Had made cognitive maps

Front 13

Colin Cherry is associated with

Back 13

Dichotic Listening

Front 14

dichotic listening

Back 14

participants were able to focus on one of the two presented

Front 15

Broadbent is associated with

Back 15

flow diagrams representing what happens as a person directs attention to one stimulus

Front 16

Information-processing approach

Back 16

a way to study the mind created from insights associated with the digital computer

Front 17

Muller & Pilzecker are associated with:

Back 17

the independent and dependent variables & delay groups

Front 18

Delay Group

Back 18

MemLearning many hours before sleep is best for consolidation of memory

Front 19

Memory Consolidation

Back 19

for recent events is fragile, if disrupted can be fail to be consolidated, and new information can interfere

Front 20

presynaptic terminal

Back 20

often the axon terminal of one neuron

Front 21

postsynaptic terminal

Back 21

often the axon terminal of the next neuron

Front 22

Neurons are

Back 22

stored in vesicles presynaptic
binds to receptors postsynaptic

Front 23

Action Potential

Back 23

occurs if change is electrical and large and rapid, neurotransmitters release

Front 24

Single-cell recording

Back 24

recording action potentials of a neuron very close to the tip of a very thin metal electrode - in the brain of live non-human animals

Front 25

Patch-clamp recording

Back 25

recording potentials of a neuron in slices of brain tissue kept alive in a dish

Front 26

Intracranial drug infusion

Back 26

infuse very small quantity of a drug into fluid around brain cells

Front 27

stimulus intensity is represented by

Back 27

the firing rate of action potentials

Front 28

Nucleus (with a single function)

Back 28

Amygdala, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus

Front 29

cortex (thin, layered sheets)

Back 29

Neocortex (3 layers)

Hippocampus (6 layers)

Front 30

MRI

Back 30

powerful magnet, emit energy as they settle back to a normal state

Front 31

experimental brain lesions

Back 31

removal or deactivation of specific brain regions to study the relation between function and behavior

Front 32

PET SCAN

Back 32

Injection of radioactive tracer attached to glucose molecule and measured where it accumulates in the brain

Front 33

fMRI

Back 33

measures changes in blood oxygenation

Front 34

fMRI & PET

Back 34

Comparison between activity during target task and activity during control task

Front 35

EEG

Back 35

measuring electrical activity of brain from electrodes on scalp

Front 36

bottom-up processing

Back 36

perception comes from stimuli in the environment

Front 37

top-down processing

Back 37

construct perceptions using information based on knowledge and expectations

Front 38

law of good continuation

Back 38

lines tend to follow the smoothest past, perceived as one piece

Front 39

common fate

Back 39

moving in the same direction appear as grouped together

Front 40

bistable perception

Back 40

an ambiguous 2-dimensional figure can be seen in 2 perspectives (spinning dancer)

Front 41

Graliam Cooper

Back 41

kittens in vertical lines

Front 42

fusiform face area

Back 42

responds specifically to faces

Front 43

object discrimination

Back 43

study the object and select the familiar object

Front 44

landmark discrimination

Back 44

select because of the placement

Front 45

dissociation logic

Back 45

one function is lost, another still used

Front 46

double dissociation

Back 46

requires two individuals. one can identify object but not place. and vice versa

Front 47

Cocktail party effect

Back 47

sometimes "unattended" information gets through

Front 48

Dear Aunt Jane

Back 48

meaning can be processed through the 'unattended ear'

Front 49

Treisman's Attention Theory

Back 49

attended to message is let through at great strength and the opposite

Front 50

Low load task

Back 50

flankers are processed and have an effect in responding

Front 51

divided attention: automatic processing

consistent mapping condition

Back 51

task was a number and distractors were letters

with more trials, easier

Front 52

divided attention: controlled processing

varied mapping condiiotn

Back 52

the target was a larger letter and the distractors were letters

Front 53

Inattentional Blindness

Back 53

a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though a person might be directly looking at - cannot notice something else (Apollo's tricks)

Front 54

change blindness

Back 54

difficulty in detecting changes in scenes - tasks to identify differences requires concentrated attention and search (not noticed a different person)

Front 55

attentional blink

Back 55

period of time after the detection of a visual stimulus (stimulus 1) during which another stimulus (stimulus 2) cannot be detected

Front 56

Low Target Prevelance

Back 56

prior to experiment, participant's shown images of 20 potential target weapons

Front 57

stimulus driven

Back 57

feature search - stimulus pops out right away

Front 58

goal driven

Back 58

serial search - bottom - up