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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ATTENTION |
selecting certain stimuli from available stimuli, and focus on cognitive resources on those selected |
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3 major function of attention |
1-signal detection 2-selective attention 3-divided attention |
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SIGNAL DETECTION |
detecting a stimulus in a field of irrelevant distractor stimuli |
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Target |
stimulus of interest |
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Distractors |
item in the search field that divert attention away from target |
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Signal detection outcome |
-present/yes =hit -present/no=miss -absent/yes=false alarm -absent/no=correct rejection better to have a false alarm than a miss |
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passive signal detection (vigilance) |
attention to a field of stimuli in anticipation of a target (ie. bird watching) |
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active signal detection |
search; active seeking or a target stimulus (ie. finding waldo) |
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distractor similarity effect |
signal detection is made more difficult when the target and the distractors are similar in appearance (ie. buying a packet similar to OREO's) |
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Pop out |
a stimulus is brought to awareness immediately & effortlessly |
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feature integration theory |
consciousness attention works as a "glue" to integrate representations of individual features so that the target can be detected |
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Guided search theory (search occurs in 2 stages) |
1-parallel 2-serial |
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parallel |
activation of representation of all possible targets |
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serial |
sequential shifting through each activated item to find the target |
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Movement Filtered theory |
movement affects the ease of search; sometimes it helps, sometimes it inhibits |
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SELECTIVE ATTENTION |
focusing on one stimulus and not others |
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filter theories (Broadbent) |
selection for stimulus occurs by blocking (filtering) distractors |
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attenuation theory (Treisman) |
attention lowers the strength of non-target information so that target stimuli are easiest to attend to (ie. cocktail party) |
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DIVIDED ATTENTION |
splitting resources to attend to multiple stimuli at one time |
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dual task cost |
to measure the difference when you do 2 things at once |
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Kahnaman's attention theory |
the more you're doing the more errors you're going to make |
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Wicken's multiple resource theory |
explains why we can walk, chew gum, and listen to music at the same time |
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Posner's (Pose-ner) spotlight of attention model |
we don't split attention; we switch back & forth simultaneously |
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CONSCIOUSNESS |
the feeling of awareness and the content of that awareness (stuff you're aware of) |
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Preconsciousness |
stuff you have access to |
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Preconsciousness processing |
evaluation of stimuli that occurs outside of awareness |
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tip of the tongue |
you almost know it and can recall it |
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blindsight |
you can see w/o seeing |
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"subliminal" processing |
information that passes so fast you can't mentally present it but it's enough for you to do something w/ it ie. _____________ |
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habitiuation |
become accustomed to a stimulus (no longer interested) |
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dishabituation |
a change in the stimulus that prompts conscious awareness (you start to gain interest in something exposed to you) |
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inattentional blindness |
failure to notice stimulus when attention is devoted to something else (ie. stop sign) |
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change blindness |
a change in a visual stimulus is introduced, but goes unnoticed (ie. the door study) |
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automatic vs. controlled processes |
does the type of action you're doing require conscious control? (ie. driving/reading for 10+ years) |
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automatization/ proceduralization |
safety procedure, texting are things that we can do w/ our eye closed |
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mistakes |
errors by choosing the wrong goal or in selecting the way to achieve it (bad decision!) |
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slips |
errors in execution of a goal/objective (oh crud!) |
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MEMORY |
to retain and draw on past experiences to use in the present |
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Atkinson & Shiffrin's model of memory |
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Sensory Memory |
initial repository for sensory information |
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Iconic memory |
visual memory store; last less than 1 sec |
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Echoic memory |
auditory store; last for 3-4 seconds |
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Sperling's Partial Report Paradigm |
You can recall anything only if you put your focus on it |
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Short term memory |
duration: approximately 30 seconds capacity: 7+/- 2 pieces |
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Chunking |
organizing information into meaningful groups to be processed as single components |
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Long term memory |
duration: infinite capacity: infinite |
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Braddeley's working memory model |
related to STM (not LTM) |
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Central Executive |
make decisions and tells you how to process it |
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visuospatial sketchpad |
holding & manipulating information |
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phonological loop |
-phonological storage (iPod) -subvocal rehearsal (talking to yourself) |
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episodic buffer |
putting all stuff together |
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Serial position curve |
the order in which items are presented affects the ability to recall them correctly |
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primary effect |
items presented early in the list are most likely to be recalled (LTM) |
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recency effect |
items presented late in the list are more likely to be recalled (STM) |
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Two major classes of memory |
Explicit memory (declarative) Implicit memory (non-declarative) |
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memory process |
dynamic mechanisms associated w/ storing, retaining, and retrieving information |
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Encoding |
transformation of sensory data & information into mental representation |
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Storage |
maintain encoded information in memory |
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Retrieval |
calling back the stored information in response to a cue for use in a process or activity |
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list the types of Testing Memory |
Recall & Recognition |
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Define Recall & list all of the types |
generating the remembered materials -free -cued -serial |
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free recall |
in any order, no cues |
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cued recall |
in relation to a clue/piece of information |
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serial recall |
in the order the items were presented |
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Recognition |
selecting remembered material from a set of presented options |
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DECLARATIVE MEMORY "explicit" |
memory that involves conscious recollection of events and facts |
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Episodic memory |
past events that occurred at a specific date and time (usually self relevant) |
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Semantic memory |
concepts and fact; general knowledge |
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schemas |
knowledge that are build from experience (ie. how to do laundry) |
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consolidation |
-the process by which info. gets from STM ino LTM |
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maintenance rehearsal |
recitation of a stimulus (ie. P Sherman 42 Wallaby Way Sidney) |
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Shallow encoding (structural) |
encoding based on a simple stimulus -physical features -sensory details |
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Medium encoding (acoustic) |
moderate processing including the matching of new information to stored information and acoustic processing |
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Deep encoding (semantic) |
processing of meaning, function, or recognition of patterns |
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Transfer-Appropriate Processing |
LTM will be greatest when the time of retrieval matches the level at encoding |
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Encoding specificity |
information available at encoding is also available at retrieval |
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Context-Dependent Memory |
the ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT at encoding matches the context at retrieval |
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State-Dependent memory |
improved retrieval when the MOOD/STATE of consciousness at encoding matches the context at retrieval |
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Amnesia |
complete loss of declarative memory |
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Clive Wearing |
-Retrograde amnesia: no future to look forward -Antrograde amnesia: forgot the past (can only remember up to 80 seconds) |
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Patient H. M. |
suffer from seizures; can only remember things in the past (removed hippocampus) -can't form new memory |
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Implicit/ non-declarative memory |
skills/ conditioned responses that reflect knowing HOW to respond to the world |
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Priming |
exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimuli (ie. ocean) |
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Procedural (Motor) Memory |
memory for the performance of different types of actions -cognitive phase -associative phase -autonomous phase |
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Non-associated learning memory |
change in the STRENGTH of a response due to a repeated exposed stimulus |
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habituation |
decreased response to a repeated stimulus |
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sensitization |
increased response to a repeated stimulus |
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associated learning |
learning an association between one stimulus and a behavior (ie. classical conditioning, operant conditioning) |
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Classical conditioning |
learned association between 2 stimuli |
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emotional conditioning |
conditional emotional response (ie. little albert-fear rabbit by loud drum) |
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instrumental/ operant conditioning |
behavior is controlled by the presence of consequences (ie. Edward Thomdike (1905) Puzzle boxes-cat escapes from box) |
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Law of effect |
a response will determine whether the likelihood of the same response in the future is strengthened or weakened |
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Punishment |
unfavorable consequence; decreases likelihood of behavior |
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Reinforcement |
favorable consequence; increases likelihood of behavior |
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Positive vs. Negative |
-positive reinforcement (add xbox) -positive punishment (add punishment) -negative reinforcement (take away xbox) -negative punishment (take away punishment) |
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shaping |
instilling a new response by rewarding successive approximations of a behavior |
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Rate and patter of reinforcement |
- continuous -fixed vs. variable -ratio vs. interval |
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continuous |
every time the behavior happens you reinforce it |
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fixed vs. variable |
predictable vs. unpredictable |
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ratio vs. interval |
buy 3 get one free vs. time loyalty (ie. 1 yr memer |
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variable ratio schedule |
Marvin & the treat dispenser (won't ever forget this behavior b/c it's variable |
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factors influencing effectiveness of reinforcement |
-magnitude -immediacy -motivation |
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magnitude |
size of reinforcement (ie. $1k vs. $1 reward) |
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immediacy |
the sooner they receive the reward after the good deed the better |
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motivation |
how the learner WANTS the reward/ it (ie. food as a reward when the learner is hungry) |
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downfalls of punishment |
-very specific -no alternative behavior -can lead to agression |
