Cognitive Psychology Chapter 8

Front 1

A.J.

Back 1

woman able to remember everything that's ever happened to her, even random days where nothing important happened

Front 2

autobiographical memory

Back 2

recollected events that belong to a person's past. Can include some semantic components but mostly spatial, emotional, and sensory components

Front 3

visual experience and AM memories

Back 3

visual stimuli serve as retrieval cues and play an important role in forming AM memories

Front 4

study that demonstrates difference between AM and laboratory memory

Back 4

Participants took pictures, then they viewed photos they took and photos another participant took (AM photo and lab Photo). A few days later they saw theirs, the ones they viewed, and new ones while under an MRI scanner

Hint 4

AM photos activated regions associated with processing info about self, memory for visual space, and recollection. The Lab photos activated similar areas but not as many.

Front 5

events are more memorable if they are important, or significant

Back 5

surviving a car accident, marriage proposal, graduating, ect

Front 6

reminiscence bump

Back 6

enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40

Front 7

self-image hypothesis (of the reminiscence bump)

Back 7

memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's self image or life identity is being formed

Hint 7

group of participants around 54 created "I am" statements such as "I am a mother" that they felt defined them as a person and then they were asked when each statement had become a significant part of their identity. The average origin was 25 years. Development of self-image brings with it numerous memorable events.

Front 8

cognitive hypothesis (of the reminiscence bump)

Back 8

periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories. Young adulthood and adolescence fit into this because rapid changes of growing up are followed by the stability of adult life

Hint 8

this was tested by determining the recollections of immigrants who came in either their 20s or their 30s, the reminiscence bump shifted for those who came in their 30s

Front 9

cultural life script hypothesis (of the reminiscence bump)

Back 9

this explanation distinguishes between a person's life story, which is all the events that have occurred in a person's life and a cultural script, which are culturally expected events that occur at a particular time in the left span.

Hint 9

They asked ppl to list when important vents in a typical person's life happens, the most common events mentioned occur during the reminiscence bump. Memories are easier to recall when they fit into the cultural script.

Front 10

memories are most often associated with events that are more easily remembered

Back 10

personal events, or events that happen to many ppl simultaneously, emotionally charged events

Front 11

experiment that tests what kind of things are more easily remembered (recall arousing words)

Back 11

tested participants ability to to recall arousing words (explicit and sexual) and neutral words immediately after they were presented. They observed better memory for the arousing words.

Front 12

amygdala

Back 12

linked to emotion

Hint 12

activated when ppl remembered more emotional words.

B.P. suffered damage to amygdala so when showed a picture of injured boy he had no better memory for that part of story, while other non brain damage participants did.

Front 13

flashbulb memory

Back 13

refers to a person's memory for the circumstances surrounding hearing abut shocking, highly charged events. They are remembered for long periods of time and are especially detailed and vivid.

Hint 13

"Now Print" mechanism: like a photograph

Front 14

repeated recall

Back 14

the technique of comparing later memories to memories collected immediately after the event

Front 15

study that shows that flashbulb memories although vivid are often inaccurate or lacking in detail

Back 15

asked participants how they had heard about the Challenger exploding by filling out a questionnaire within a day after the explosion and then filled the same questionnaire about 3 years later.

Hint 15

At first 21% said they heard it form TV but later 45% said they heard it on TV.

Front 16

experiment that shows flashbulb memories are inaccurate

Back 16

asked participants questions about 9/11 right after it happened as well as questions about everyday life before attack. They were tested either 1, 6, or 32 weeks later with the same questions.

Hint 16

Participants remembered fewer details and made more errors at longer intervals, however ppls belief that their memories were accurate stayed high but belief for everyday memories dropped

Front 17

3 factors that potentially enhance memory for flashbulb memories

Back 17

1. involve high emotions
2. added rehearsal

Front 18

narrative rehearsal process

Back 18

rehearse flashbulb memory events after they occur (TV, thinking about it)

Front 19

constructive nature of memory

Back 19

what ppl report as memories are constructed by the person based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as the person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Front 20

experiment tat suggests memory is constructive (mind constructs memory based on a number of sources of info)
"war of ghosts" experiment

Back 20

participants read an Indian folklore story and afterwards were asked to recall the story as accurately as possible. He then used a technique of repeated reproduction, in which the same participants came back a number of times to try and remember it.

Hint 20

At longer intervals after reading the story, they forgot much of the info. What they did remember or thought they remembered reflected the participants own culture. For example, in the story the men were hunting seals but ppl remember that they were fishing or sailing.

Front 21

source monitoring

Back 21

the process of determining the origins of our memories, knowledge, or beliefs

Front 22

source monitoring error/ source misattributions

Back 22

misidentifying the source of a memory/ memory attributed to wrong source

Front 23

how is source monitoring an example of the constructive nature of memory?

Back 23

when we remember something we usually retrieve the memory first and then use a decision process to determine where that memory came from

Front 24

cryptomesia

Back 24

unconscious plagiarism of the work of others (this is a source monitoring error)

Front 25

an experiment that provides examples of how source monitoring influences a person's memory

Back 25

tested participant's ability to distinguish between famous and non-famous names. Participants read a number of non-famous names then in the immediate test they were asked to pick out the famous names from a list of the non-famous names they had just seen, new non-famous names they had never seen before, and famous names. Before the first part of the test they were told the first list of names were non-famous.

Hint 25

In the immediate test, they were accurate at identifying non-famous, but in delayed test 24 hours later they were more likely to identify old non-famous names as being famous. This happens because they recognize the names but error in their source, think they are famous rather than you saw them yesterday.

Front 26

experiment that shows ppl's performance on a source monitoring task can be influenced by gender stereotypes.

Back 26

participants read a series of statements presented one at a time on a computer screen for 5 seconds each. Some statements associated with stereotypes for males and some with females and some neutral and each was presented with a name and they were told to remember who said it (Chris or Pat). Then they did a puzzle for 5 min and were told Chris was male and Pat was female, then they were given a self monitoring task, which was to read the statements again and indicate whether they were said by Chris or Pat.

Hint 26

gender labels affected memory and thus real world knowledge resulted in source monitoring errors

Front 27

pragmatic inference

Back 27

occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. These inferences are based on our knowledge gained through inference.

Front 28

experiment that demonstrates how inference can affect memory

Back 28

participants read a number of statements and then tested their memory for the statements later by presenting a number of statements and asking them to indicate whether they had seen them before.

Hint 28

When the sentence said something about pounding a nail, many believed they had seen the test statement about using a hammer.

Front 29

schema

Back 29

a person's knowledge about some aspect of the environment. For example a person's schema of a post office might include what a post office usually looks like, whats inside and what services it provides

Front 30

experiment that studied how memory is affected by schemas

Back 30

participants were seated in an office waiting to be in an experiment, when they were called into another room, they were told the experiment was a memory experiment and their task was to write down as many things as they could remember that were in the office.

Hint 30

they often added objects that were part of their office schema, such as books

Front 31

script

Back 31

our conception of the sequence of actions that usually occur during a particular experience. For example, script for visiting post office might be stand in line, fill out forms,giving letter to employee etc.

Front 32

S. man in Russia who could remember everything. disadvantage

Back 32

this was a disadvantage because he was not good at reasoning that involved drawing inferences of filling in blanks

Front 33

A.J. woman who can remember all episodic events. disadvantage

Back 33

impaired performance on tests that involved organizing material, thinking abstractly, and working with concepts

Front 34

misinformation effect

Back 34

misleading info presented after a person witnesses an event can change how the person describes an event later. The misleading info is referred to as misleading post-event info or MPI

Front 35

experiment that shows memory can be modified or created by suggestion

Back 35

participants saw a series of slides in which a car stops at a stop sign and then turns a corner and hits a pedestrian. Some of the participants answered a number of questions including "did another car pass the red car as it stopped at the stop sign?" and another group (the MPI) group yield sign replaced stop sign in the question.

Hint 35

Those in the MPI group were more likely to believe they had seen a picture of a yield sign when they actually hadn't.

Front 36

what are the three ideas as to why MPI changes memory?

Back 36

MPI as replacing the old memory, MPI as causing interference, MPI as causing source monitoring errors

Front 37

memory trace placement hypothesis

Back 37

MPI impairs or replaces memories that were formed during the original experiencing of an event through a process of reconsolidation

Front 38

MPI as causing interference

Back 38

original info is forgotten because of retroactive interference, which occurs when more recent learning interferes with memory for something that happened in the past

Front 39

MPI as causing source monitoring errors

Back 39

a person incorrectly concludes that the source of his memory for the incorrect event (yield) was in the slide show, even thought he actual source was the statement after.

Hint 39

basically, MPI is mistakenly identified as what was originally experienced

Front 40

eye witness identification

Back 40

very inaccurate

Front 41

weapons focus

Back 41

the tendency to focus attention on a weapon results in narrowing attention, so witnesses might miss seeing relevant info such as the perpetrator's face

Front 42

what are the types of errors that cause issues with eyewitness identification?

Back 42

errors associated with attention, errors due to familiarity, and errors due to suggestion

Front 43

post-identification feedback effect

Back 43

an increase in confidence due to confirming feedback after making an identification

Hint 43

telling someone okay or good after choosing someone in a line up can make them more confident in their choice. Police should always let witness know the suspect may not be in the lineup.

Front 44

experiment that shows effect of post event questioning

Back 44

participants first viewed a 40 minute episode of the television program 24, in which the characters were trying to thwart a terrorist. The test group took a cued recall test about the video which contained questions like "what did the terrorist use to knock out the flight attendant?." The no test group played a computer game. Both groups were given distraction tasks. Participants were presented with an 8 min audio describing events from the program that had both accurate and inaccurate info. Finally both groups took the cued recall test.

Hint 44

the test group said yes incorrectly to 50% of the items while the no test group said yes incorrectly only 30%. This is called the reverse testing effect

Front 45

reverse testing effect

Back 45

taking a recall test right after seeing the program increased participants sensitivity to the misinformation

Hint 45

Why? reconsolidation effect. Testing that reactivates memory for an event makes the memory vulnerable to change

Front 46

cognitive interview

Back 46

involves letting the witness talk with a minimum of interruption and also uses techniques that help witnesses to recreate the situation present at the crime scene