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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is cognitive psychology? |
It is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind |
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What is cognition(the mind)? |
It is the mental processes, such as perception, attention, and memory |
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What are the 2 special functions that the mind creates? |
1. The mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotion, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning 2. The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals |
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What is cognitive science? |
The interdisciplinary approach to the study of the mind. Cognitive science includes a wide net of disciplines including computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, philosophy, and psychology |
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What did Francisco Donders achieve? |
In 1868, he created the first cognitive experiment which was the method of subornation for choice rt and simple rt |
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Wilhelm Wundt |
He founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology in Germany |
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What is structuralism? |
A theory founded by Wundt. It is our overall experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience called sensations |
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What is analytical introspection? |
A technique in which trained subjects described their experiences and though processes in response to stimuli. it required intensive training because the subjects goal was to describe their experiences |
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Herman Ebbinghaus |
He was interested in how rapidly information that is learned is lost over time-Saving method to measure forgetting ---He created an experiment in which he repeated lists of 13 nonsense syllables such as DAX, to himself one at a time and determined how long it took him to learn the list for the first time. |
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What is the forgetting curve? |
The ability of the brain to retain info decreases over time ---Ebbingghaus determined how long it took to learn the first set of letter. He then waited for a specific amount of time (delay) and then determined how long it took to relearn the list |
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What is saving? |
Ebbinghaus used a measure called saving to calculate how long it takes to relearn after time |
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What is saving curve? |
Shows that memory drops rapidly for the first 2 days after the initial learning and then levels out |
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William James |
He taught Harvard's first Psychology course and wrote the a Psychology text book "Principles of Psychology" in 1890 |
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What is functionalism and who introduce it? |
Theory of consciousness-modification of how we process information to make our lives more easier by william james |
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Who founded Behavioralism and why was it founded? |
John Watson founded behavioralism because he was dissatisfied with the method of analytical introspection |
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What is behavioralsim? |
observable behavior, not consciousness(which would involve unobservable processessuch as thinking, emotions, and reasoning)-Behavior can be analyzed without reference to the mind |
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What is classical conditioning? |
Watson's ideas were connected with classical conditioning-how pairing one stimulus (such as theloud noise presented to Albert) with another, previouslyneutral stimulus (such as the rat) causes changes in theresponse to the neutral stimulus-Watson used classical conditioning to argue that behavior can be analyzed withoutany reference to the mind |
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What was Watsons and Pavlovs famous experiment? |
Watson-Little Albert Pavlovs-he paired ringing a bellwith presentation of food. Initially, presentation of the food causedthe dog to salivate, but after a number of pairings of bell and food,the bell alone caused salivation. This principle of learning by pairing,which came to be called classical conditioning , was the basis ofWatson’s “Little Albert” experiment. |
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Who introduced operant conditioning? |
B.F. Skinner |
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What is operant conditioning? |
focusedon how behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food orsocial approval (or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as a shock or social rejection).For example, Skinner showed that reinforcing a rat with food for pressing a bar maintainedor increased the rat’s rate of bar pressing. Skinner believed children learn language through operant conditioning |
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What is cognitive map? |
Colman focused on animal bx. —a conceptionwithin the rat’s mind of the maze’s layout |
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What is The Misbehavior of Organisms (1961) |
- Attempts to condition animal behavior did not work - Animals' built-in instincts prevailed |
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What is the cognitive revolution? |
A shift in psychology - beginning in the 1950s - from the behaviorist approach to an approach in which the main thrust was to explain behavior in terms of the mind. One of the outcomes of the cognitive revolution was the introduction of the information-processing approach to studying the mind. |
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What is the digital computer? |
-The first digital computers, developed in the late 1940s, were huge machines that took upentire buildings -suggested a new way of thinking aboutthe mind. |
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What is the information processing approach? |
approach that traces sequences of mental operations involved incognition |
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What did Colin Cherry present about information processing approach? |
An experiement-presentedsubjects with two auditory messages, one to the left ear and oneto the right ear, and told them to focus their attention on oneof the messages (the attended message ) and to ignore the otherone (the unattended message ). For example, the subject mightbe told to attend to the left-ear message that began “As Susandrove down the road in her new car . . .” while simultaneouslyreceiving, but not attending to, the right-ear message “Cognitivepsychology, which is the study of mental processes . . .” |
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What is artificial intelligence? |
-John McCarthy defined the artificial intelligenceapproach as “making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a humanwere so behaving” -Nowell and Simon created the program which they called logic theorist |
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Who is Ulric Neisser? |
Father of Cog Psyc, and wrote the first book and coined the term psychology. His book was titled Cognitive Psychology in 1967 |
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Cognitive Psychology today |
-Behvaioral approach -biological approach -ecological approach |
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What are the models in cog psych? |
-structural model -process model |
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What are structural models? |
-are representations of aphysical structure. A model can mimic the appearance of an object,as a model car or airplane represents the appearance of a real car orairplane -They are simplifications that don’t contain as much detail, but do containimportant information about the structures being represented. |
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What are process models? |
-represent the processes that are involved in cognitivemechanisms, with boxes usually representing specific processes and arrows indicatingconnections between processes -Broadbent’s filter model of attention is an example of aprocess model |
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How do we measure behavior? |
1. Reaction time 2. Accuracy |
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What is reaction time? |
—how long it takesto respond to presentation of a stimulus--2 kinds 1. Simple reaction time: by asking his subjects to push a button as rapidly aspossible when they saw a light go on 2.Choice reaction time:by using two lights and asking his subjects to push the left button when they saw theleft light go on and the right button when they saw the right light go on |
