Cognitive Psych - Final Exam (2)

Front 1

Retrograde amnesia

Back 1

memory loss for events that happened prior to the point of brain injury

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Anterograde amnesia

Back 2

can’t form new memories.

Front 3

Karsakoff’s Syndrome

Back 3

severe form of anterograde amnesia associated with chronic alcoholism

thiamine deficiency produces brain damage and

confabulation: person unknowingly creates distorted memories

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

Back 4

linked to early childhood trauma

one symptom is “inter-identity amnesia” - one identity claims amnesia for events experienced by other identities. the memories within each identity are concealed for the other identities.

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Example of creating false memories

Back 5

20 family members were recruited to assist with the study

3 true photos and one false photo were used

ex of false image: would photoshop the person into a hot air balloon. 40% thought the false memory was true on day 1, 60% thought it was true on day 3. so, it’s easy to create false memories.

Front 6

source monitoring

Back 6

determining the source of a memory

Front 7

Eyewitness Memory:Limits of Encoding

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1) stress and arousal may be too high for accurate encoding

2) attention may be misplaced (“weapon focus”: people focus on the gun, can describe the gun well, but not the person attacking them)

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Hypnosis: Does it work?

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Hypnosis:sometimes used to uncover lost memories

some evidence for more recall

some added false information

Front 9

permastore

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very long-term storage of information, such asknowledge of a foreign language

Front 10

problem with retrieving memories

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lack of appropriate retrieval cues might still make the person unable to access the memory.

Front 11

recognition vs. recall: which can happen later?

Back 11

recognition can happen later than recall

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spontaneous recovery

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the sudden uncovering of a “lost” memory

Front 13

method of loci

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memory technique which couples visual imagery with place locations to remember list items.

Front 14

how effective is method of loci? downside?

Back 14

very good technique for memory. study showed that it still worked 5 weeks later.

downside: it takes a lot longer sometimes to use this technique than other memory techniques.

Front 15

categories

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groups of objects that have something in common (dog)

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exemplars

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instances of categories (dalmation)

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priming

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prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates later processing of the stimulus.

Front 18

Typicality effect

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experimental subjects are faster to respond to typical instances of a concept, for example, robin for the concept "bird” , than they are to atypical instances, for example, penguin.

Front 19

Heirarchical network theory

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memory is composed of nodes and links

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node

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a concept (red, candy, bird)

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link

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a relationship between two things

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Property inheritance

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as you move down the heirarchy, concepts “inherit” properties from the concepts above them

ex: Patients with dementiasometimes lose subordinate info (robin) before superordinate info (bird)

Front 23

Spreading activation models

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all info is smashed together in a big ball. memory is believed to be a vast web of linked concept.

(ex: doctor primes the words hospital, nurse, and dentist, which prime other words)

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spreading activation models can account for:

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thetypicality effect (based on the distance between nodes)

Front 25

What is a problem with spreading activation models?

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mediated priming:activation spreads three links away (“lion” primes “stripes” because it primes “tiger”)“lion” primes 20 concepts20 X 20 X 20 = 8,000 (64,000)… a lot of concepts

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Dual coding hypothesis

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concepts can be represented verbally or through a mental image

Front 27

what kinds of words are more easily representable in images?

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Images can be easily used for concrete words (chair) but not abstract words (promise)

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Shepard-Metzler Figures

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presented participants with 3D images.

main finding: more rotation took more time (time to respond depends on the required angle of rotation). perfectly straight line in the data (hardly ever seen in psychological data).

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propositional representation

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both images and verbal statements are mentally represented in terms of their deep meanings, and not as specific imagesor words.

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functional equivalence

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the hypothesis that mental imagery functions in the same way as the physical perception. it takes longer to “scan” between long distances than short distances in images. study supported it.

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demand characteristics

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maybe the experimenters are influencing the participant

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implicit encoding

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information can be obtained from images even if that information was never intentionally stored (ex: ask people to recall the image of a house they used to live in, and then count the windows in it)

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Pictures and images both activate the:

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occipital lobe

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Occipital lobes active during:

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1. pictures/images

2. imagined walk

3. questions that require imagery

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what highlights the difference between mental images and seeing the actual images?

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Cognitive maps.

which is further north: Portland, OR or Portland, ME?Which is further east: San Diego or Reno?people are wrong on these questions.

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Cognitive maps

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internal representations of our physical environment, particularly centering on spatial relationships.

Front 37

Bisiach and Luzzatti (1978)

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visual neglect patients were asked to imagine the view from Piazza del Duomo

they ignored landmarks on imagined left side of space

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Ways in which images are not like perception:

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Less detailed

ex: penny task

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visual imagery

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the use of images that represent visual characteristics such as colors andshapes.

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Spatial imagery

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images that represent spatial features such as depthdimensions, distances, and orientations.