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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wolfgang Kohler (chimp studies)
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-chimp think tank of the 1920s (Sultan, Grande, Konsul, Chica)
-Sultan was the tool maker -chimps used tools to accomplish tasks like getting bananas that were out of reach |
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David Premack (chimp analogy studies)
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chimps can do analogies; chimps are capable of symbolic behavior; can't do advanced dual analogies/relational symbol-mapping
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How does the algorithm method differ from the heuristic method?
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-algorithm method: brute force; analyze all possibilities
-heuristic method: clarify and contextualize; general rule that is usually correct; efficiently analyze best case scenarios and minimize time spent on probable dead end scenarios -The Heuristic solution is usually much more effective than the Algorithm approach… |
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Frontal lobes are related to “Fluid Intelligence”
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-Fluid Intelligence = flexible machinery
-Flexible Machinery for: A. storing new information B. transforming representations C. accessing related knowledge |
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Temporal lobes are related to “Crystalized Intelligence”
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-semantic/symbolic knowledge
-A library of information to use A. with a good card catalogue! |
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What about the human brain anatomy suggests we have good reasoning skills
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-large frontal lobe -extreme cortical folding -structures related to filtering distractions critical
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What abilities are present in the smarter animals
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-basic reasoning/problem solving
-tool making -simple relations and analogies -perceptual matching |
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What brain features make chimps good reasoners
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-large frontal lobe -decent cortical folding
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Understand the analogy studies of Gillian et al, 1981 from lecture
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-animal analogies
-relational match problem -relation-matching can be done by humans and Sarah the chimp, but not others |
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What was different in the language-trained chimp reasoning?
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-Sarah the chimp was able to solve not only the match games but the relational match problem as well
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How do children solve analogies? (what errors do they commonly make)
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-by age 4 children learn to use analogies; thinking very abstractly
-development of analogies gets better with age; |
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How does dementia affect reasoning?
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“When a frontal lobe patient misses the problem, they'll pick the perceptual distractors and the semantic ones.”
-You need knowledge to reason in analogies: temporal cortex damage disrupts this -You need the flexible machinery (supporting working memory) to reason: frontal lobe damage disrupts this -You need to be able to inhibit distraction to stay on task: frontal damage disrupts this |
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How does dementia affect art?
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-details decline & art becomes abstract -spontaneous bursts of visual creativity
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What is incubation in problem solving?
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-a situation in which you are initially unsuccessful in solving a problem, but you are more likely to solve the problem after taking a break, rather than continuing to work on the problem without interruption
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What animal evidence do we have for creative reasoning abilities (in chimps?, in orca whales?)
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Whales
-tool use; examples-wave hunting & intentional beaching Chimps -tool use; examples- stick use & Sultan the tool-maker -relational match mapping & animal analogies -Macaque monkeys in Japan: free time given by feeding from humans -Monkeys began to alter behavior (more hot springs visits, use of rock blocks) |
