Cognitive Psych Chapter 3

Front 1

Selection

Back 1

Selecting stimuli for further processing (limitation of mental resource).

Front 2

Spatial orienting

Back 2

Attention can be allocated to a location in visual field without eye movement.

Front 3

Mentalcapacity, automaticity, and control

Back 3

Humans are a capacity limited information processing system.

Front 4

Consciousness (awareness or arousal)

Back 4

The general arousal level is controlled by the reticular formation.

Front 5

Cocktailparty effect

Back 5

(a) We can track our conversationin a noisy environment such as a cocktail party(b) Some things, such as our name,might capture our attention

Front 6

Dichotic listening

Back 6

a technique to mimic the cocktail partyeffectAttend to the message presented to oneear (e.g., right) and ignore the othermessage which is presented to the other ear (e.g., left) at the same time.Listeners can selectively attend tostimuli that possess some common physical features and can reject stimuli thatdo not possess them.

Front 7

Shadowing

Back 7

atechnique in which subjects are required to repeat the relevant message outloud as it arrives.

Front 8

Results of Filter Theory Experiment

Back 8

subjects did not notice if theunattended message changed from English to Germansubjects did notice if the voicechanged from a man to a woman or a beep or a tone is presented.

Front 9

Filtertheory (Broadbent, 1958)

Back 9

Stimuli that do not need responseare discarded before they have been fully processed.There is a filter that operates atthe level of physical features, allowing the information characterized by thatfeature to pass for further processing. Semantic information can beprocessed in the unattended channel.

Front 10

Earlyselection model

Back 10

Onlyfeature information (physical properties, not semantic properties) is processedat the preattentive level.

Front 11

Lateselection model

Back 11

Higherlevel information processing such as (semantic information processing andobject identification) is accomplished without focal attention

Front 12

Spatialorienting of attention

Back 12

Attentioncan be allocated to particular locations in the visual field without eyemovement.

Front 13

Overtvisual orienting

Back 13

Attentional allocation with eye,head, or body movement

Front 14

Covertvisual orienting

Back 14

Attentionalallocation without eye movement.

Front 15

Diffusedmode

Back 15

Attention spreads all over thevisual field

Front 16

Focusedmode

Back 16

Attentionis focused on a particular location

Front 17

Spotlight metaphor of attention (Posner,1980)

Back 17

Spatial attention acts like a spotlightwith variable focus (zoom lens) moving around the visual field. Information processing of stimuli falling inthe spotlight is facilitated compared to stimuli falling outside of thespotlight..

Front 18

Control Mechanism:

Endogenous

Back 18

central, voluntary, top-down (instruction& expectation)

Front 19

Control Mechanism:

Exogenous

Back 19

external, automatic, stimulus driven(bottom-up) such as an abrupt movement

Front 20

Examples of visualsearch in our daily life.

Back 20

•Whenyou look for your favorite book in your book shelf.

•Whenyou look for your favorite cereal in a grocery market.

•Whenyou look for your friend in a crowd.

Front 21

Feature search

Back 21

A target is defined in onedimension Featuresearch is parallel

Front 22

Conjunction search

Back 22

A target is defined by conjunctionof more than one dimension

Front 23

Parallelsearch

Back 23

checkall items simultaneously

Front 24

Serialself-terminating search

Back 24

checkone item at a time until target is found. Search is terminated when target is found.

Front 25

Serialexhaustive search

Back 25

check one item at a time until all itemsare checked, even after target is found.

Front 26

Effectof attention in object perception (Change blindness & Inattentional blindness)

Back 26

Whenour attention is focused on something, we may fail to notice a significantevent, because such event could be filtered out as irrelevant to our currenttask.

Front 27

Capacity limitation

Back 27

Humanshave only a limited amount of mental resource.Eachprocess requires a certain amount of mental resource.Wecan perform only a limited number of things at the same time.

Front 28

Automaticprocess

Back 28

Aprocess that requires little mental resources. e.g.,familiar, well learned or skilled behaviors such as native language, drivingcar

Front 29

Effortfulprocess

Back 29

Aprocess that requires large amount of mental resources.e.g.,unfamiliar, new behaviors

Front 30

Automatization (Expertization)

Back 30

Aprocess in which an effortful behavior becomes automatic through practice.

Front 31

The Stroop task

Back 31

Interferenceand automaticityRTsfor color naming are usually longer than those for word readingInterferencebetween color naming and word readingWordreading interferes with color naming more, because word reading is moreautomatic than color namingAutomaticprocesses interfere with effortful processes more.

Front 32

Geniculostrate System

Back 32

80%

Retina→Optic Chaism→ Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of thalamus (LGN)→ Primary Visual Cortex→ V1.

Parvocellular and Magnocellular systems.

Front 33

Tectopulvinar System

Back 33

20%

Retina→ Optic Chaism→ Superior Colliculus.

Magno Cellular System only.

Front 34

Ventral Pathway

Back 34

Object Recognition
(17, 18, 19, 37)

Primary Visual Cortex →Inferior Extrastriate→ Inferior Temporal.

Front 35

Dorsal Pathway

Back 35

Spatial Processing

(17, 18, 19, 7)

Visual Cortex → Superior Extrastriate → Superior Parietal.

Front 36

Primary Visual Cortex

Back 36

Feature Analysis

Front 37

Inferior Extrastriate

Back 37

Feature Integration

Front 38

Inferior Temporal

Back 38

Identification

Front 39

Fusiform Face Area

Back 39

Face Processing

Front 40

Parahippocampal Place Area

Back 40

Location

Front 41

Ventral Pathway and Object Perception

Back 41

Cells responding selectively to hands and faces in the inferior temporal (Single Cell Recording)

Front 42

Object-Based Attention

Back 42

O’Craven,Downing, & Kanwisher, (1999)

Overlappingpictures of faces and houses.

Whenattention was directed to faces, FFA activation.

Whenattention was directed to houses, PPA activation.

Front 43

Cortical blindness

Scotoma

Back 43

If a small portion of the visual cortexis damaged, then the visual information from the corresponding part of thevisual field is lost.

Front 44

Blind Sight

Back 44

Patients with cortical blindnesscannot sense the light flash within the scotoma.

However, they sometimes are able to point toor direct their gaze to the location where the light flash occurred.

Thelight information might be processed at the superior colliculus. Brain damage affecting perceptionin multiple ways.

Front 45

Visual Agnosia

Back 45

Inabilityto recognize, name, or use objects due to damage in the brain.

Front 46

Apperceptive Agnosia

Back 46

Patientscannot distinguish two shapes nor identity them.

Features(lines, orientations, shapes, colors, etc) are not integrated to form anobject image.

Lesionsin the occipital lobe (Inferior extrastriate).

Front 47

Associative Agnosia

Back 47

Patientscannot identify objects though they can distinguish between two objects. Patients have problems in associating theperceptual input with previously stored information (object names), even thoughfeatures are integrated and object images are formed. Patients sometimes know how to use theobjects (functions) without being able to name them.Lesionsin the inferior temporal lobe.

Front 48

Prosopagnosia

Back 48

Impairment of the ability to recognize faces.

Patientscan describe individual parts of faces, but cannot put them together. Most patients can identify people by hearingtheir voices.

Somepatients have difficulties in identifying individual examples of other types ofobjects.

E.G., Hunter cannot recognize his dogs.

Somepatients seem to recognize faces unconsciously.

Somepatients have intact visual memory

Lesion: Inferior extrastriate andinferior temporal (Fusiform Face Area)

Front 49

Simultagnosia

Back 49

Inability to see more than one shape at a time.

Objects or faces are recognized correctly if they are presented at a time.

This also affects one's ability tosee the individual parts of a single object.

Damage to attentional systems: Thepatients have problems in disengaging attention from one object (Superior extrastriateto parietal lobe).

Front 50

Visual Neglect Syndrome:

HemilateralNeglect

Back 50

Patientsappear to ignore the contralateral side to their lesion.

e.g.,patients may draw one side of objects, eat from one side of their plates, failto dress or groom the contralateral side, or read a part of words (e.g., theymay read the word "cowboy" as "boy"), or a portion ofsentences.

Front 51

Visual Neglect Syndrome:

Sensoryextinction to simultaneous stimuli

Back 51

Patientsfail to respond to contralateral side when given bilateral simultaneousstimulation.

Front 52

Linebisection task as a task used to diagnose visual neglect.

Back 52

Subjectsare asked to bisect horizontal line.

Front 53

Crossingout task as a task used to diagnose visual neglect.

Back 53

Subjectsare asked to cross out short lines in a piece of paper.

Front 54

Picturedrawing as a task used to diagnose visual neglect.

Back 54

Subjectsare asked to copy a picture of an object.

Sometimespatients can draw pictures better with their eyes closed. This fact indicates that their problem mightlie in the information feedback system.