Cognitive Psych - Final Extra

Front 1

4 characteristics of human language (Faux)

Back 1

1. semantic - has meaning
2. symbolic - sounds/words arbitrary with no built-in meaning
3. syntactic - set of rules, grammar
4. generative - limited number symbols express infinite number of messages

Front 2

Washow and sign language

Back 2

chimp @ 4 - 85 signs
chimp @ 5 - 160 signs - sequence up to 5 signs long
signing by operant conditioning

Front 3

Phoneme

Back 3

smallest unit of sound that can be heard and recognized as speech, nonmeaningful by themselves
English = 42 phonemes
Human language = 1000

Front 4

morpheme

Back 4

smallest meaningful unit of speech sounds which alter meaning

Front 5

syntax

Back 5

rules of grammer that govern phrases
a. Surface structure - grammar
b. deep structure - basic meaning or idea to generate 'surface'

Front 6

Werker et al. (1981) - Hindi phonemes

Back 6

dental vs. retroflex 'da'/'ta'
odd-ball paradigm shows baby can tell difference ad discriminate phonemes up to 10 months

Front 7

Wada test

Back 7

Test to find language hemisphere. sodium amytal into coratal artery to paralyze part of brain. Have patient read - if can't read fluenty then hit language hemisphere

Front 8

Broca's aphasia

Back 8

expressive aphasia, lack normal speech rhythms, lack prosody, agrammatical, can't appreciate nuances of meaning affected by grammatical context

Front 9

dysarthia

Back 9

problems with mechanics of speech production, ex. tongue

Front 10

aprosodia

Back 10

problem with normal speech rhythms

Front 11

agrammaticism

Back 11

telegraphics speech, ex. 'eat dinner'

Front 12

1997 study of morphological study of brain

Back 12

language-associated cortical regions are proportionally larger in female brain - 30% larger

Front 13

ischemic

Back 13

bloot clot in artery as artery narrows, --> stroke

Front 14

data siggesting biological influence on language learning

Back 14

1. children learn language at rapid rate (12 words/day)
2. feral children can't master grammar after 8 years old
3.humans have vocal modifications allowing wide variety of speech sounds
4. left hemisphere is dominant for speech production and comprehension
5. adult humans can't perceive foreign phonemes as seperate yet babies can

Front 15

Chomsky

Back 15

1. universal underlying grammar process
2. children have innate grammatical knowledge
3. need inborn language acquisition device to learn b/c children exposed to impoverish language
4. language is species specific
5. aminals can't learn language

Front 16

Chomsky universal grammar

Back 16

1. most languages have SVO or SOV
2. SVO uses prepositions, SOV uses postpositions
3. verb affixes tense, noun affixes signal number and gender
4. subject precedes object
5. all languages have noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, etc. that requrie specific arrangemnts

Front 17

Spoken word neural pathway

Back 17

Areas 41/42 (temporal) --> Wernicke's (22) --> hear and comprehend world

Front 18

cognition neural pathway

Back 18

Wernicke --> Broca --> face --> cranial nerves --> speak

Front 19

written word neural pathway

Back 19

Area 17(occipital) --> Area 18/19 (inner occipital) --> Area 39 (angular gyrus) --> Wernicke --> read

Front 20

Kutas and Hillyard

Back 20

N400 - bigger response = bigger semantic distance

Front 21

Fischer et al (1985)

Back 21

N400 not reflection of truth value, but rather strength of association

Front 22

The Syllogism

Back 22

2 premises and conclusion. In accurate conclusions if premises aren't true or if premises don't support conlcusion

Front 23

Fundamental Fixedness (Dunkers - 1945)

Back 23

candle problem, people can't easily figure out b/c limit function of box to holding tacks

Front 24

Cultural Block

Back 24

ping pong ball in pipe, culture keeps up from understanding solution b/c we limit the function of things

Front 25

algorithm

Back 25

step-by-step recipe for solving problem

Front 26

heuristic

Back 26

general rule of thumb --> simple, quick answer

Front 27

deductive reasoning

Back 27

syllogism, conclusion based on fact

Front 28

inductive reasoning

Back 28

generalizing from the known facts to the unknown

Front 29

Peterson and Peterson

Back 29

STM, memorize digits and recall back

Front 30

Miller - digit span

Back 30

2 +/- 7

Front 31

Sternberg

Back 31

memory scanning - see if probe in original list
memory is exhaustive, not self-terminating

Front 32

Nuechterlein

Back 32

visual sustained attention
perceptual sensitivity decrease over time (degraded = got worse over time)

Front 33

Posner

Back 33

peripheral cued task
spotlight of attention shifts with boxes

Front 34

McCarthy and Donchin

Back 34

P300 ERP
P300 latency increase with degredation, not effected by response selection

Front 35

Shepard and Metzler

Back 35

mental rotation
brain mechanically rotqates before compare, RT = linear function of angular deviation
further rotate then longer it takes to compare

Front 36

Cooper and Shepard

Back 36

mental rotation
rotated Rs

Front 37

Kosslyn

Back 37

mental imagry scanning
Island map - farther away = increased RT

Front 38

Meyer and Schvaneveldt

Back 38

lexical decision task
semantic priming and spreading activation memory (word recognition --> associated terms)
word pairs of english/nonwords

Front 39

Tversky and Kahneman

Back 39

Judgment
heuristics - representativeness/similairty, conjunction fallacy, perception of random processes, availibility, selection task, prisoner's dilemma