Cognitive Psych

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Learning curve

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learning curve is a graphical representation of the changing rate of learning (in the average person) for a given activity or tool discovered by Hermann Ebbinghaus

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Recall

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reproducing information you have previously been exposed to

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recognition

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realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you’ve seen before,

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generation-recognition

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an attemp to explain why you can recognize more than you can recall. Model suggests that recall involves same mental process involved in recognition plus another process not required for recognition

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Recency effect

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recall words seen most recently best

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Primacy effect

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recall words presented at the beginning of a list second best

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Chunking

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when asked to recall a list of words, people tend to recall words belonging to the same category

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stage theory memory

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several different memory systems and each system holds specific function sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory

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Sensory memory

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contains fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli

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whole-report procedure

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method to test visual memory subject look for a fraction of a second at a visual display of nine items and then asked to recall as much as possible. During process of recall visual memory decayed limiting subjects responses

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partial-report procedure

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Developed by George Sperling subject shown 3x3 grid briefly and then asked to recall specific row. Were able to do so very accurately, Sperling proposed that visual memory had 9 item limit

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Maintanance rehersal

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repeating information to keep in short term memory i.e. repeating phone number

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Elaborative rehearsal

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organizing information and associating it with information already in long term memory

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Proceedural memory

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remembering how thins are done

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declarative memory

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where explicit information stored divided into two subsets, semantic and episodic memory

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Episodic memory

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remembering particular events you have personally experienced

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Semantic memory

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remembering general knowledge

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Semantic priming

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it was found that people remember word pairs better if the pair of words are related

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Response latency

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the amount of time it takes subject to respond.

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spreading activation model

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developed by Collins and Loftus map illustrating response latency and that related words have lower response latency. Smaller distance between concepts represents smaller response latency

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Semantic feature-comparison model

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semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts

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levels of processing theory

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developed by craik and lockart, suggests that what determines how long you will remember material depends on the way you process the material. There are three ways you can process material in order of difficulty Physical(visual), acoustical, semantic. The deeper you process the material the better chance you have to remember it.

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pavio’s dual-code hypothesis

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suggests information can be stored in two ways either verbally or visually. Abstract concepts (virtue) encoded verbally. Concrete concepts(elephant) encoded both verbally and visually.

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Decay theory

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if information in long term memory is not used or rehearsed it will eventually be forgotten

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Retroactive inhibition

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you forget what you learn because new information replaces the old

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Proactive inhibition

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information that you previously learned interferes with information currently learning

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Encoding specificity

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the assumption that recall will be best if context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding

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method of loci

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It relies on memorized spatial relationships to establish, order and recollect memorial content

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Sir Frederick Bartlett

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studied memory, concluded that recall is influenced by expectation

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Eye witness memory

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studied by Elizabeth Loftus, eye witnesses have tendency to be inflenced or confused by misleading information

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Zeigarnick effect

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refers to the tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks

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Luchins water jar problem

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subject given three different capacity jars and asked to obtain a particular desired amount

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mental set

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tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in other situations.

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Heuristincs

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short-cuts and rules of thumb we can use in making decisions

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Availability heuristic

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making decisions about frequencies based upon how easy it is to imagine the items involved.

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Representativeness Heuristic

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Categorizing thins based on whether they fit the prototypical image of the category

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base rate fallacy

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error made as a result of heuristics ignoring the numerical information about the items being referred to when categorizing them

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Surface structure

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the actual order of words in a sentence

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deep structure

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an underlying form that specifies the meaning of the senence

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transformational rules

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tell us how we can change from one sentence form to another

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Whorfian hypothesis

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hypothesis that language determines how reality is perceived

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fluid intelligence

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the ability to quickly grasp relationships in novel situations an make correct deductions from them. increases throughout childhood and adolescence declines in old age

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Crystalized intelligence

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an ability to understand relationships or solve problems that depend on knowledge acquired as a result of schooling or other life experiences.

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Primary mental abilities

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Louis Thurstone identified seven abilities verbal comprehesin, nuber ability, pereptual speed, general reasoning.

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robert sternberg’s triachic theory

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suggests that there are three aspects to intelligence: componential (performance on tests), experiential(creativity) and contextual(street smarts)

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theory of multiple intelligences

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Developed by Howard gardnere, seven defined intelligences: linguistic, logical mathematical ability, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal.