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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Post Mortem |
A method in neuroanatomy, which involves gross dissections, cell staining, tract tracing, & autoradiography |
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In Vivo |
A method in neuroanatomy, which involves CAT scans, DTI scans & MRI scans |
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CAT or Computerized Axial Tomography |
-Based on x-rays -2-D images taken from different angles & a computer generates 3-D images -spatial resolution= 0.5-1 cm all around |
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MRI or Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
-Exploits the magnetic properties of organic tissue -radio waves are applied -spatial resolution=mm -bulky & expensive -easy to differentiate gray and white matter |
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DTI or Diffusion tensor imaging |
-Images the diffusion of properties of water in tissue aka the preferred direction in water movement -Measures the orientation of axons inside the white matter "white matter tracts" -ex. of DTI image=axial slice |
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Meninges aka CNS protective layers (3) |
Dura: toughest,thickest, right under skull Arachnoid: thinner, right under Dura Pia Mater: under arachnoid, covers the cortex |
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The Cortex |
-Has 2 hemispheres -3 mm sheets of neurons sitting atop core structures -Many folds: gyri & sulci -6 layers -4 lobes |
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Four main divisions in Cortex |
frontal: planning, cognitive control, movements parietal: recieves sensory input about touch, pain, temp temporal: auditory, visual, andmultimodal proccesing occipital: processes visual information |
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Motor cortex |
contains motor neurons that project to spinal cord and brain stem |
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Prefrontal cortex |
Responsible for higher motor control such as planning, organizing and tasks that require integration of information over time |
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Somatosensory cortex |
located in the postcentral gyrus & is the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch |
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Contralateral organization |
Crosses over to other hemisphere; ex. L motor cortex controls R side of body |
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Topographic organization |
contains "map" of body |
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Auditory system |
-keeps track of high/low frequencies -primary auditory cortex in superior temporal lobe |
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Primary & Association cortex functions |
higher processing functions such as attention, language |
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Limbic System |
-aka fifth lobe -contains: -cingulate gyrus -hippocampus & related areas -amygdala -mammillary bodies |
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Basal Ganglia |
-forms circuits w/ cortex & thalamus - responsible for action selection, action gating, reward-based learning, motor preparation, timing, task switching, and more |
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Diencephalon (made up of 2 parts) |
Made up of thalamus & hypothalamus Thalamus: relay station for sensory input Hypothalamus: responsible for autonomic nervous system & endocrine system |
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Brainstem parts (3) |
medulla: respiration, heart rate, arousal pons & cerebellum: pons-eye movement cerebellum-posture, walking, coordinated movements midbrain: |
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Cerebellum |
-aka "little brain" -functions include motor control & coordination -divisions: -cerebellar cortex -deep nuclei -internal white matter |
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Spinal Cord & Dorsal/Ventral horns |
Takes in sensory info, relays it to brain, & conducts the final motor signals from the brain to muscles. Dorsal horn: contains sensory neurons Ventral horns: contains motor neurons |
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Why is anatomy important? |
-differs between individuals -lesions can be seen in structural images -functional images need to be related to structural functions-functional brain mapping |
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anisotropy |
prefferred direction of water movement |
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Ventricles |
chambers that hold cerebrospinal fluid |
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cerebrospinal fluid |
fluid inside ventricles that help reduce shock to the brain and spinal cord during rapid accelerations, deceleration, or when we fall/get struck in heard |
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neocortex |
is 90% of cortex & contains six cortical layers or that passed through a deveolpmental stage involving six cortical layers |
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mesocortex |
term for the paralimbic region |
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allocortex |
only has 1-4 layers of neurons and includes the hippocampus & olfactory cortex |
