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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concept learning methodology
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P has to guess until he figures out the rules.
- No perfect predictor - Can learn to do better, though not perfect. - By 40 trials, p's have 65% accuracy. |
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Reber: Habits
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P's did not have conscious knowledge of learning weather predictor cards
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Procedural memory is located in the ______ ________
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corpus striatum
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Perceptual priming
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Having seen the whole drawing before allows a p to see a degraded picture and identify it with less information.
- works in p's without explicit memory too. |
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Lexical decision task
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string of letters form a word?
Uses Repetition and semantic priming |
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Negative priming
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Withholding response in one point in time causes withholding response in later trials.
a slowed response identification time to a target stimulus that has been previously ignored |
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Priming and perceptual learning is located in the ________
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neocortex
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Emotional responses are located in the ________
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amygdala
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Forward delay uses what type of memory?
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implicit
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Forward trace uses what type of memory?
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explicit
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Delay conditioning of Skeletal responses is located in the ________
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cerebellum
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Nonassociative learning is located in the _______
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reflex pathway
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Habituation
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Learning not to respond to a stimulus
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Tulving was interested in ______ memory, but found that most studies researched ____ memory.
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semantic, episodic
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Concept learning - Conceptual memory theory
Concept |
meaning untis = semantic elements (furniture)
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Concept learning - Conceptual memory theory
Category |
concepts broad enough to include several others
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Concepts are ______ to included concepts
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superordinate
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Concepts are ______ to including concepts
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subordinate
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Conjunctive
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when two particular values on two dimensions are met.
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Disjunctive (inclusive or)
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category members could be one dimension or another, or both.
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Disjunctive (exclusive or)
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can be one dimension or another, but not both.
P's could never learn this rule, required non-linear thinking. |
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Natural Categories finding...
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context effect - changes the perception of the cup when it has 'food' in it.
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fuzzy boundaries
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no distinct dividing line between natural categories
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Feature Set theory
Concepts |
collections (sets) of semantic features
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Feature Set theory
Two types of features |
- Defining
- Characteristic |
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Defining features
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- common to all instances and members defined by a concept.
aka necessary features |
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Characteristic features
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Common to most instances
Ocurred frequently, but not always there. - Does not mean that lack of characteristic features excludes it from a category. |
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Feature Set theory
Stage I |
Comparison of random selection of feature
-fast, global. |
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Feature Set theory
If many features are common, the instance is category _________ |
exemplar
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Feature Set theory
If few features are common, the instance is ______ ______ ______ |
not category exemplar
- may have to go to next step |
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Feature Set theory
Stage II |
Comparison of defining features
deliberate, focused |
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Relationship of complexity of statement and reaction time.
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P's responded more slowly if they needed to access Stage II
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Problem of Feature Set theory
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Huge number of categories are undefineable.
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Prototype theory
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Concepts represented as idealized forms
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'best' example
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an idealized instance, not one that you encountered.
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Category membership is based on comparing ______ to _______
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exemplars to prototypes
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Rip's bird disease epidemic study
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- Told about bird epidemic and p's were asked other animals that would be expected to suffer.
- p's grouped together birds that were similar, except for ostriches and bats. |
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Results of Posner and Keele's Dot pattern study
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- Unstudied prototypes most frequently endored
- Not the actual patterns studied, but the average/idealized version. |
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Problem with Prototype theory?
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Does not allow for/explain knowldge of particulars.
- Used to explain broad knowledge. |
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Exemplar theory
Concept |
all relevant instances (exemplars)
Membership decided by comparison to entire set of exemplars |
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Exemplar theory
The prototype is calculated 'online' without.... |
being stored, or stored as a single example.
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