Cognitive Psychology Final Quiz Rpi

Front 1

Analogical Encoding

Back 1

The process by which two problems are compared and similarities between them determined

Front 2

Analogical Paradox

Back 2

While people routinely use analogies in the real world, it is difficult to apply analogies in lab research

Front 3

Analogical Problem Solving

Back 3

1) Noticing
2) Mapping
3) Applying

Front 4

Analogical Transfer

Back 4

Transfer from one problem to another
See
Target Problem
Source Problem

Front 5

Analogy

Front 6

Candle Problem

Back 6

Duncker's Candle Problem
Matchbox can be used as a support rather than a container
Subjects presented empty matchboxes twice as likely to find solution
See functional fixedness

Front 7

Creative Cognition

Back 7

Method of individual idea generation

Training people to think creatively

Finke

Front 8

Divergent Thinking

Back 8

Thinking that is open-ended and involves a large number of potential "solutions"
See
Creative Problem solving

Front 9

Expert

Back 9

People who have devoted a large amount of time to learning about a field and practicing and applying that learning

Front 10

Fixation

Back 10

Tendency to focus on specific characteristic of a problem

See

Gestalt psychology

Insight Problems

Front 11

Functional Fixedness

Back 11

Fixation focusing on familiar functions or uses of an object

See:
Candle Problem

Front 12

Goal State

Back 12

Solution to a problem
See
Towers of Hanoi
Information Processing Approach

Front 13

Group Brainstorming

Back 13

Preconceptions can inhibit creativity. This technique encourages free expression of ideas

See
Creative Problem Solving

Front 14

In vivo problem-solving research

Back 14

Observing people solve problems in real world situations

See
Analogical paradox

Front 15

Initial State

Back 15

Conditions at the beginning of a problem
See
Towers of Hanoi Problem
Information-Processing Approach

Front 16

Insight

Back 16

Associated with restructuring

The sudden realization of a problem's solution

See
Gestalt Psychology
Restructuring

Front 17

Intermediate States

Back 17

State between initial and goal states

See

Towers of Hanoi

Information Processing Approach

Front 18

Latent Inhibition (LI)

Back 18

The capacity to screen out irrelevant stimuli.

Creative and mentally ill people have low latent inhibition

See
Savant Syndrome

Front 19

Means-end analysis

Back 19

Way of solving a problem in which goal is to reduce the difference between initial and goal states

See
Information Processing Approach
Towers of Hanoi

Front 20

Mental set

Back 20

Preconceived notion about how to approach a problem. Determined by experience and what has worked in the past.

See water jug problem

Front 21

Mutilated checkerboard problem

Back 21

Correct problem representation is the key to successful problem solving

Front 22

Operators

Back 22

Actions that take a problem from one state to another

See
Towers of Hanoi
Information Processing Approach

Front 23

Preinventive forms

Back 23

Ideas the precede the creation of a finished creative product

See
Creative PRoblem solving

Front 24

Problem

Back 24

Occurs when there is an obstacle between a present state and a goal, and it is not immediately obvious how to get around the obstacle

Front 25

Problem Space

Back 25

All possible states that could occur while solving a problem

See
Information Processing approach

Front 26

Radiation PRoblem

Back 26

Karl Duncker

Multiple low-power beans intersecting at tumor site; analogous to attacking fortress from many sides

See:
Analogical problem solving

Front 27

Restructuring

Back 27

Changing the problem's representation

See:
Gestalt approach
Circle problem

Front 28

Savant syndrome

Back 28

Snyder
People with autism and other mental disorders are able to achieve extraordinary feats; possibly the result of top-down inhibition being lower

See
Creative Problem Solving

Front 29

Source Problem

Back 29

Problem that shares similarities with target problem

See
Analogical transfer

Front 30

Structural features

Back 30

Underlying principles that govern the solution

See
Analogical trnasfer

Front 31

Subgoals

Back 31

Small goals that help create intermediate states closer to the goal

See
Information Processing Approach
Newell-Simon

Front 32

Surface Features

Back 32

Specific elements of a problem (such as rays and the tumor)

See
Analogical Transfer

Front 33

Target Problem

Back 33

Problem subject is trying to solve
See
Analogical transfer

Front 34

Think-aloud protocol

Back 34

Subjects asked to say aloud what they are thinking while solving a problem

See:
Mutilated checkerboard problem
Kaplan and Simon

Front 35

Tower of Hanoi Problem

Back 35

Newell and Simon

See

Initial state

Goal state

Operators

Front 36

Two-string problem

Back 36

See functional fixedness

Maier

Subjects asked to tie together two strings hanging from the ceiling

Front 37

Water jug problem

Back 37

Luchins

See mental set

Front 38

Decisions

Back 38

The process of making choices between alternatives

Front 39

Reasoning

Back 39

The process of drawing conclusions (based on evidence)

Front 40

Inductive Reasoning

Back 40

Reasoning based on evidence

Reaching conclusions from evidence

Front 41

Heuristic

Back 41

"rule of thumb" that approximates a correct answer, but is not foolproof

Front 42

Availability Heuristic

Back 42

events that are more easily remembered are judged as being more probable

See

Lichtenstein causes of death

Front 43

Illusory Correlations

Back 43

correlation between two events appears to exist, but in reality there is no correlation or only a weak one

Front 44

Stereotype

Back 44

Oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people (often focusing on negative)

Front 45

Representativeness Heuristic

Back 45

Probability that A is a member of class B can be determined by how well A represents the properties typically associated with class B

See

Judging Occupations

Front 46

Base rate

Back 46

relative proportion of different classes in the population

See

Representative heuristic

Judging occupations

Front 47

Conjunction Rule

Back 47

The probability of a conjunction of two events cannot be higher than the probability of the constituents

e.g. Probability of person being bank teller >= probability of person being feminist bank teller

Front 48

Law of Large Numbers

Back 48

The larger the number of individuals randomly drawn from population, the more representative the resulting group

Front 49

Myside Bias

Back 49

Tendency for people to generate and evaluate evidence and test hypotheses in a way that is biased toward opinions and attitudes.

A type of confirmation bias

Front 50

Confirmation Bias

Back 50

Information is favored that confirms a hypothesis

Front 51

Expected Utility Theory

Back 51

Proposes that people are fundamentally rational actors seeking to maximize their utility

Front 52

Utility

Back 52

outcomes that achieve a person's goals

Front 53

Expected Emotions

Back 53

Emotions that people predict theyw ill feel for a particular outcome

Front 54

Risk Aversion

Back 54

tendency to avoid taking risks

Front 55

Incidental Emotions

Back 55

Emotions not caused by having to make a decision, but still affecting it.

Front 56

Opt-in procedure

Back 56

Requires a person to take active step

Front 57

Opt-out procedure

Back 57

Person must act to be excluded

Front 58

Status quo bias

Back 58

tendency to do nothing when faced with making a decision

Front 59

Risk Aversion Strategy

Back 59

Trying to maximize positive outcome

Front 60

Risk taking strategy

Back 60

Trying to minimize negative outcome

Front 61

Framing effect

Back 61

decisions influenced by how choices are presented

Front 62

Neuroeconomics

Back 62

study of how brain activation is related to decisions involving potential gains or losses

Front 63

Ultimatum Game

Back 63

proposer and responder

both win or both lose

Front 64

Deductive Reasoning

Back 64

determining whether conclusion logically follows from statements called premises

Front 65

Premise

Back 65

See deductive reasoning

Front 66

Syllogism

Back 66

Two premises followed by a third statement called a conclusion

See Deductive Reasoning

Front 67

Categorical Syllogism

Back 67

Premises and conlcusions begin with All, No, or Some

Front 68

Validity

Back 68

Syllogism is internally consistent

Front 69

Belief bias

Back 69

tendency to think a syllogism is valid if conclusion believable

Front 70

Mental Model Approach

Back 70

using mental imagery to solve a problem

Front 71

Mental model

Back 71

specific situation represented in a person's mind that can be used to help determine the validity of syllogisms in deductive reasoning

Front 72

Conditional Syllogisms

Back 72

Have two premises and a conlcusion, where the first premise has the form if...then

Front 73

Wason Four-card problem

Back 73

Research example of conditional reasoning

See falsification principle

Front 74

Falsification principle

Back 74

To test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify the rule

Front 75

Permission Schema

Back 75

if a person satisfies a particular condition, then he gets to carry out an action

Front 76

Evolutionary Perspective on Cognition

Back 76

We can trace many properties of our minds to the principles of natural selection

Front 77

Social Exchange Theory

Back 77

important aspect of human behavior is ability of people to cooperate

Front 78

Dual systems approach

Back 78

there are two mental systems:

1) fast, automatic, intuitive

2) thoughtful, deliberative

See bat and ball example