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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognition
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A variety of higher mental processes such as thinking, perceiving, imagining, speaking , acting and planning
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Cognitive neuroscience
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Aims to explain cognitive processes in terms of brain -based mechanisms
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Mind-body problem
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the problem of how a physical substance (the brain) can give rise to our feelings, thoughts and emotions (our mind)
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dualism
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the belief that mind and brain are 2 levels of description of the same thing
Descartes- pineal gland (interaction) |
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Dual-aspect theory
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the belief that mind and brain are two levels of description of the same thing
Spinoza |
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Reductionism
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the belief that mind-based concepts will eventually be replaced by neuroscientific concepts
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Aristotle's beliefs
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ratio of brain size:body size greatest in more intellectual species
brain as coolant system |
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Galen's beliefs
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nerve projections to and from the brain
mental experiences resided in the ventricles (drawings by Vesalius) |
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phrenology
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the failed idea that individual differences in cognition can be mapped on to differences in skull shape (Gall and Spurzheim)
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functional specialization
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different regions of the brain are specialized for different functions (Gall and Spurzheim)
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cognitive neuropsychology
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the study of brain damaged patients to inform theories of normal cognition
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information-processing approach
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an approach in which behavior is described in terms of a sequence of cognitive stages (Broadbent)
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interactivity
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later stages of processing can begin before earlier stages are complete (not strictly serial)
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top-down processing
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the influence of late stages on the processing of earlier ones (ex: memory on perception)
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parallel processing
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different info is processed at the same time
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neural network
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computational models in which info processing occurs using many interconnected nodes
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temporal resolution
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the accuracy with which one can measure when an event occurs
EEG, MEG, TMS, single cell recordings--> ms PET, fMRI--> minutes/seconds |
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spatial resolution
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accuracy with which one can measure where an event is occuring
lesion/functional imaging--> mm single-cell--> neuron level |
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modularity
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the notion that certain cognitive processes (or regions of the brain) are restricted in the type of info they process
Fodor |
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domain specificity
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the idea that a cognitive process (or brain region) is dedicated solely to one particular type of info
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physicalism
type Supervenience |
-the mind is a physical thing
type- specific physical states are identical to specific mental states (multiple realizability prob) supervenience- mental events are composed of physical events, but not equivalent (physical-->mental) --If 2 people are in the same physical, must be in same mental --diff mental, then physical must be diff --can have diff physical with same mental |
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idealism/phenomenalism
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all that exists is the mental world
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qualia/problems
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the experience of a property
-knowledge problem (jackson) Dennett- can't even fathom what it would be like to know everything about color |
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Thomas Willis
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Anne Green case
Coined term neurology One of the first to link brain damage and behavioral deficits Published atlas of the brain, named areas |
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Localization: Jackson
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Theorized topographic organization of ctx based on pre-seizure activity
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Localization: Broca
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Famous case of "Tan", in 1861, damage to left inferior frontal lobe causing lang. production deficit
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Localization: Wernicke
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Patient had lang comprehension difficulty with lesion in posterior region (1876)
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Localization: Broadman
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Looked for differences at cellular level
52 areas based on structure and arrangement |
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Gray matter vs. white matter
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grey- neuronal cell bodies
white- axons and support cells (glia) |
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3 types of white matter tracts
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association- between diff cortical regions within sam hemisphere
commissure- different cortical regions in diff hemispheres projection- between cortical and subcortical structures |
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Brain directions
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Anterior v Posterior (front/back)
Superior v inferior (top/bottom) Dorsal v ventral (top/bottom) Lateral/medial |
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Brain slices
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Coronal- separate face from back of head
Sagittal- through one hemisphere (medial through the middle of the 2) axial- horizontal plane |
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Basal ganglia
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Part of cerebrum
regions of subcortical gray matter involved in aspects of motor control and skill learning caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus |
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limbic system
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Part of cerebrum
a region of subcortex involved in relating the organism to its present and past environment amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex, and mamillary bodies |
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thalamus
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part of diencephalon
a major subcortical relay center |
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hypothalamus
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part of diencephalon
consists of a variety of nuclei that are specialized for different functions that are primarily concerned with the body and its regulation |
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superior/inferior colliculi
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Parts of midbrain
S- part of subcortical sensory pathway involved in programming fast eye movements I- part of subcortical auditory pathway |
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Cerebellum
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part of hindbrain
important for dexterity and smooth execution of movement |
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pons
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hindbrain
key link between the cerebellum and the cerebrum |
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medulla oblongata
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hindbrain
regulates vital functions (breathing, swallowing, heart rate, wake-sleep cycle) |
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Camillo Golgi
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Stained individual neurons
Syncytium--> all the neurons of the brain share the same cytoplasm. WRONG!!! |
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Santiago Ramon y Cajal
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Neuron Doctrine--> All the neurons in the bran are distinct entities
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3 neuron forms
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Multipolar- most common, dendrites emerge from cell body, participate in motor/sensory processing, axons really long
Bipolar- two processes leaving the cell body, one terminating in dendrites, the other an axon, sensory processing Pseudounipolar- one process leaves the cell body and splits, somatosensory cells (spinal cord) |
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3 stains
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Golgi- random whole neurons
Nissi- cell bodies Weigert- axons |
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(0,0,0) area in the brain
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anterior commissure
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single-cell recordings
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measure the responsiveness of a neuron to a given stimulus (AP/seconds)
invasive |
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ERP
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based on measurements of electrical signals generated by the brain through electrodes placed on the scalp
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multi-cell recordings
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the electrical activity of many individually recorded neurons
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grandmother cell
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a hypothetical neuron that just responds to one particular stimulus (e.g. the sight of one's grandmother)
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EEG- electroencephalography
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Postsynaptic dendritic current (passive)
noninvasive recording Not good for localization Records ERPs low signal-to-noise ratio- enhanced via averaging Good temporal resolution (1ms), bad spatial Cheap, sensitive to tangential and radial dipoles, broad signals |
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mental chronometry
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the study of the time course of info processing in the human nervous system
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additive factors method
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Sternberg's general method for dividing reaction times into different stages
Encoding, Comparing, Decision, Responding If diff factors affect diff stages, then the effects should have additive effects on RT If they affect the same processing stage, they should have interactive effects |
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Exogenous components
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those that appear to depend on the physical properties of a stimulus (sensory modality, size, intensity)
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Endogenous components
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appear to depend on properties of the task (what the participant is required to do with the stimulus)
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inverse problem
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the difficulty of locating the sources of electrical activity from measurements taken at the scalp in ERP research
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MEG- magnetoencephalography
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Good temporal (1ms) and spatial (2-3 mm)
difficult to detect, expensive, sensitive to only tangential dipoles |
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Open field
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neurons aligned in a way that allows summation
sets up parallel dipoles |
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closed field
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nonparallel organization which tends to cancel out dipoles making them negligible at a distance
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ERP vs. EEG
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ERPs are formed by averaging EEG time-locked to the onset of stimuli
ERP much smaller in amplitude than EEG and just reflecting the process of interest |
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single modality dot-probe task
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Stimuli, like faces, presented briefly and simultaneously to the left and right of fixation (can vary emotional terms)
Quickly followed by a probe stimulus at either location Participants must process the probe and a response may be required |
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Visual P1
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Positive peak ~100ms after visual stimulus
Amplitude higher is stimulus is at an attended location EARLY processing in visual stream Amplitude higher to targets that follow in the location of emotional target EMOTIONAL SAME MODALITY |
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Nd (negative difference)
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occurs 200-400ms after visual stimulus
More negativity in this time range related to enhanced processing Modulation LATER in processing stream NEUTRAL CUE ACROSS MODALITY |
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10-20 Layout vs. Geodesic net
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10-20: places 10-20% intervals, used in Brosch
G: All electrodes evenly placed, better for source modeling |
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Sampling rate
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amounts per second that you are probing the electrical activity of the brain
Usually 200-600 Hz Brosch- 512 Hz |
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Peak latency
Peak Amplitude Mean amplitude |
PL: time between onset of stimulus to peak
PA: Baseline to peak (or Peak to peak) MA: takes into consideration peaks that move around in latency |
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Source modeling
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used to find the source of electrical activity
Deals with inverse problem (LAURA) |
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Rate coding
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the informational content of a neuron may be related to the # of AP/sec
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temporal coding
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the synchrony of firing may be used by a pop. of neurons to code the same stimulus or event
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CT scans- computerized tomography
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Structural
according to the amount of x-ray absorption in diff tissue types |
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MRI
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better spatial/discrimination of white and gray
creates images of soft tissue M: put subject in strong magnetic field R: transmit radio waves into subject, turn off transmitter, receive radio waves emitted by subjects brain (MR signal) I: modulate the strength of the magnetic fields slightly over space for localization |
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VBM- voxel based morphometry
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divided brain into lots of voxels and the concentration of white/gray matter in each is estimated--> see changes
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DTI- diffusion tensor imaging
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measures the white matter connectivity between regions via the diffusion patterns of water molecules trapped in axons
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PET
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radioactive tracer injected into the bloodstream.
Based on blood volume temp: 30s spatial: 10mm Must use a blocked design |
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fMRI
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BOLD signal
Oxyhemoglobin- not paramagnetic, no distortion deoxyhemoglobin- paramagnetic, distortion Temp: 1-4 seconds spatial: 1 mm Blood Oxygen levels blocked or event-related design Noisy |
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Hemodynamic response function HRF
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Initial dip- increase in D
Overcompensation- increase in O Undershoot- increase in D |
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cognitive subtraction
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a type of experimental design in functional imaging in which activity in a control task is subtracted from activity in an experimental task
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pure insertion
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the assumption that adding a different component to a task does not change the operation of other component
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interactions
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the effect of one variable upon another
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cognitive conjunction
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able to identify a set of tasks that has a particular component in common
reduced problem of interactions |
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parametric designs
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variable of interest treated as a continuous dimension rather than a categorical distinction
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functional integration
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the way in which different regions communicate with each other
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blocked design
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stimuli from a given condition are presented consecutively together
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event-related design
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stimuli from two or more conditions are presented randomly or interleaved
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stereotactic normalization
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the mapping of individual differences in brain anatomy onto a standard template
talairach coordination |
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smoothing
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redistributing brain activity from neighboring voxels to enhance the signal to noise ratio
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3 coils
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Static field coil: Magnetic
Radiofrequency: resonance Gradient: imaging (spatial info) |
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TR (Repetition Time)
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time between samples when info from all voxels is acquired
2-3 seconds decreasing will: increase timing info, decrease signal size, decrease the # of slices you can cover and/or the resolution of your voxels |
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Liu results
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FFA: more holistic representations, parts & configuration
OFA & fSTS: responsive parts only |
