Cna 1 Class Final Exam

Front 1

Name some parts of the Integumentary system

Back 1

Skin, Hair, Kidneys, Nails, sweat glands, & Sebaceous glands

Front 2

What system helps to maintain homeostasis?

Back 2

The integumentary system

Front 3

What system regulates body temerature?

Back 3

the integumentary system

Front 4

What is the body's largest organ?

Back 4

skin

Front 5

Deposits of melanin in certain areas such as the backs of hands and the face lead to the formation of what?

Back 5

skin spots

Front 6

Epidermis is...?

Back 6

The outer skin layer of the skin

Front 7

Melanin is...?

Back 7

A dark pigmant that gives our skin, hair, and eyes color

Front 8

Sebum is...?

Back 8

An oily substabce secreted by glands in the skin that lubricates the skin and helps to prevent it from drying out

Front 9

T or F?
Contraction of the muscles helps us to maintain an upright position.

Back 9

true

Front 10

T or F?
Contracting a muscle causes it to shorten, resulting in movement

Back 10

false

Front 11

What causes hair to turn gray?

Back 11

loss of melanin

Front 12

Where are long bones found?

Back 12

the arms and legs

Front 13

True or False?
Nails are made of a special skin cells that have been hardened by a protein called melanin

Back 13

false

Front 14

What causes injuries to heal slower with aging?

Back 14

blood flow to the skin decreases

Front 15

Dermis is...?

Back 15

The deepest layer of the skin, where sensory receptors, blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles are found

Front 16

Subcutaneous tissue is...?

Back 16

The layer of fat that supports the dermis

Front 17

T or F?
Na, an import mineral that keeps the bones strongs and helps the cardiac muscle to function properly, is stored in the bones.

Back 17

false

Front 18

T or F?
Contraction of the skeletal muscles helps us to maintain a constant body temperature by cooling down.

Back 18

true

Front 19

T or F?
Blood cells are made in the bone marrow.

Back 19

true

Front 20

What happens to skin during aging that puts a perosn at risk for injuries?

Back 20

it becmes fragile, thin, and dry

Front 21

What happens to nails during aging?

Back 21

they become hard, tough, and yellow

Front 22

Where are irregular bones found?

Back 22

in the face and spinal column

Front 23

Long bones have what?

Back 23

A shaft and two rounded edges

Front 24

Oddly shaped bones that are not flat are called?

Back 24

irregular bones

Front 25

The bones that form the skull are called?

Back 25

flat bones

Front 26

Where are fixed joints found?

Back 26

the skull

Front 27

Where are slightly movable joints found?

Back 27

the spine

Front 28

Where are freekly movable joints found?

Back 28

the fingers

Front 29

Describe three normal age related changes that affect the musculoskeletal

Back 29

-loss of bone tissue: takes Ca from bones and bone loss occurs
-Loss of muscle mass: muscle cells decrease making it difficult to be physically active
-Wear and tear on joints: increase in age. lose proteins that make joints stretchy causing pain

Front 30

What acts as a "Shock Absorber"?

Back 30

cartilage

Front 31

What is the framework of the body formed by bones?

Back 31

the skeleton

Front 32

what is atrophy?

Back 32

the loss of muscle size and strength

Front 33

What attaches one bone to another, stabalizing it?

Back 33

ligaments

Front 34

what is a joint?

Back 34

the area two bones join together

Front 35

what are tendons?

Back 35

bands of connective tissue that attach the skeletal muscles to the bones.

Front 36

The inside of the nose is the?

Back 36

nasal cavity

Front 37

The main orgins of respiration are?

Back 37

lungs

Front 38

What connects each lung to the trachea?

Back 38

bronchus

Front 39

strong muscle that seperates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and assists in ventilation is?

Back 39

the diaphragm

Front 40

Tiniest branches of the bronchi are called?

Back 40

the bronchiole

Front 41

What is responsible for speach and is also called the voice box?

Back 41

the Larynx

Front 42

What is the passage that carries air fromt he pharynx down towards the lungs (also called the windpipe)

Back 42

Trachea

Front 43

The throat region is called the what?

Back 43

the pharynx

Front 44

What are the two phases of breathing?

Back 44

inhalation and exhalation

Front 45

What muscle is strong and dome shaped that seperates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?

Back 45

the diaphragm

Front 46

What muscles are located between the ribs and help with respiratory effect?

Back 46

intercostal muscles

Front 47

The rate and depth of breathing is controlled by what?

Back 47

the brain

Front 48

What are the special cells that are located in the medulla and in some of the major arteries, monitoring the amount of Cardbon Dioxide and Oxy in the blood?

Back 48

chemoreceptors

Front 49

CO2 moves fromthe blood into what and is removed from the body when exhaled?

Back 49

alveolus

Front 50

What are two things that you can do to keep your respiratry system funcitoning regulary?

Back 50

exercise regulary
dont smoke

Front 51

Mucous Membrane

Back 51

a special type of epithelial tissue that lines many of the organ systems in the body and is coated with mucous

Front 52

Mucus

Back 52

a slippery, sticky substance that is secreted by special cells and serves to keep the surfaces on mucous membranes moist

Front 53

Respiration

Back 53

the process during which the body obtains Oxy from the enviornment and removes CO2 from the body

Front 54

Gas exchange

Back 54

the transfer of Oxy into the blood and CO2 out of it

Front 55

Diaphragm

Back 55

the strong, domes shaped muscle that seperates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and assists in breathing

Front 56

The two main compnents of blood are?

Back 56

the plasma and the blood cells

Front 57

What is plasma?

Back 57

the liqued part of the blood

Front 58

Why are the red blood cells red?

Back 58

b/c hemoglobin turns bright red when combined with Oxy

Front 59

What is HEMOSTASIS?

Back 59

the process of allowing the blood vessels to constrict or dialate according to the body's needs

Front 60

List two functions of the cardi vascular system

Back 60

-transports nutrients and Oxy to the cells
-Carries waste away

Front 61

Less efficent heart contraction with aging is?

Back 61

tires faster while exercising

Front 62

Decreased elasticity in the arteries and veins in aging is?

Back 62

the person feels dizzy or light headed when standing

Front 63

Decreased numbers of blood cells with aging is?

Back 63

puts the person at a higher risk for developing infections

Front 64

The liqued part of the blood is called?

Back 64

plasma

Front 65

What cells are responsible for carrying out oxygen to all the tissues in the body?

Back 65

erythrocytes

Front 66

What percentage of plsma is water?

Back 66

90%

Front 67

Red blood cells are also known as what?

Back 67

erythrocytes

Front 68

What blood cells are repsonsible for fighting infection?

Back 68

leukocytes

Front 69

White lood cells are also known as what?

Back 69

leukocytes

Front 70

What protein is found in red blood cells that combines with Oxy to carry it to the tissues of the body?

Back 70

hemoglobin

Front 71

Platletes or_______ are responsible for clotting of the blood.

Back 71

thrombocytes

Front 72

What is another name for Platelets?

Back 72

thrombocytes

Front 73

The continuous movement of the blood through the blood vessel is called what?

Back 73

circulation

Front 74

The heart muscle contracts in two phases called the what?

Back 74

cardiac circle

Front 75

The active phase of the cardiac cycle, during which the myocardium contracts, sending blood out of the heart, is called?

Back 75

systole

Front 76

The resting phase of the cardiac cycle, during which the myocardium relaxes, allowing the chambers to fill with blood, is called?

Back 76

diastole

Front 77

A condition that results from pooling of blood in the veins just underneath the skin, cusing them to become swollen and "knotty" in apperance, is called?

Back 77

vericose veins

Front 78

What are the structures of the Central Nervous system?

Back 78

the brain, cerebrim, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord

Front 79

What are the structures of the Peripheral Nervous Sysem?

Back 79

cranial nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.

Front 80

The nervous system helps to maintain the body's__________ by controlling the other organ systems.

Back 80

homeostasis

Front 81

The nervous system allows us to interact with our _____ through the special senses of sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.

Back 81

enviornment

Front 82

Due to changes that occur with aging, older people tend to have a slower reaction times. What does this put the elderly at risk for?

Back 82

falling or having accidents

Front 83

Central nervous system

Back 83

consists of the brain and the spinal cord

Front 84

Peripheral Nervous System

Back 84

nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

Front 85

Neruron

Back 85

a cell that can send and recieve information

Front 86

Myelin

Back 86

helps to speed the conduction of nerve impulses along the axon

Front 87

Synapse

Back 87

gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendries of the next

Front 88

Sensory Nerves

Back 88

nerves that carry info from the internal organs and the outside world to the spinal cord and up into the brain

Front 89

Motor Nerves

Back 89

nerves that carry commands fromt he brain to the muscles and organs of the body

Front 90

What cells or groups of cells are associated with a sensory nerve?

Back 90

sensory receptors

Front 91

The sensory receptors pick up info, calleda _____, and translate it into a nerve impulse.

Back 91

stimulus

Front 92

The Sensory receptors that are responsible for ________ are found throughout the body.

Back 92

general sense

Front 93

Touch

Back 93

receptors are stimulated when something comes in contact with the surface of the body and presses on them, causing them to change shape

Front 94

Deep Touch

Back 94

some sensory receptors allow us to sense pressure

Front 95

Position

Back 95

sensory receptors are found in the muscles, tendons, and joints

Front 96

Pain

Back 96

free nerve endings (dendrites) in the skin and the tissues of our internal organs

Front 97

Taste & Smell

Back 97

sensory receptors change a chemical signal into an electric one

Front 98

The clear front portion of the eye that allows the light to pass through to the inside of the eye

Back 98

cornea

Front 99

The tough outer layer of the eye

Back 99

sclera

Front 100

An opening in the center of the iris

Back 100

pupil

Front 101

This controls the amount of light that enters the eye

Back 101

iris

Front 102

This contains sensory receptors that turn light into nerve impulses

Back 102

retina

Front 103

A felxible, transparent, curved structure in the eye that adjusts to focus light rays

Back 103

lens

Front 104

The middle layer of the eye that contains the blood vessels

Back 104

choroid

Front 105

Sensory Receptors

Back 105

Specialized cells or groups of cells associated with a sensory nerve

Front 106

Cerumen

Back 106

a waxy substance that helps ptroect the external auditory canal

Front 107

Presbyopia

Back 107

Age-related loss of eye's ability to focus on objects that are close

Front 108

Presbycusis

Back 108

age-related hearing loss

Front 109

Loss of sensory receptors in the skin

Back 109

risk of accidental burns

Front 110

Decrease in appetite

Back 110

decrease in chemoreceptors on the tongue and roof of the nasal cavity

Front 111

The endocrine system controls many of the body's processes, such as growth and development, reproduction, and what?

Back 111

metabolism

Front 112

The endocrine system produces what that is released into the bloodstream?

Back 112

hormones

Front 113

The hormone travels in the what until it reaches the specific cells that it acts on.

Back 113

blood

Front 114

Hormones with short-term effects help the body maintain what?

Back 114

homeostasis

Front 115

Hormones and ______ that act on cells to produce a response.

Back 115

chemicals

Front 116

Many of the physical changes that are part of aging are directly related to a ____ in the amount of hormones released throughout the body.

Back 116

decrease

Front 117

What structures are part of the endocrine system?

Back 117

Pineal gland, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland (PTH), Thymus gland, Adrenal glands, Pnacreas, and Sex glands

Front 118

What hormone is produced by the Thyroid gland?

Back 118

thyroxine and calcitonin

Front 119

What hormones are produced by the Medulla of the Adrenal gland?

Back 119

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 120

What hormones are produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland?

Back 120

Glucocriticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens

Front 121

What hormones are produced by the Pancreas?

Back 121

insulin and glucagon

Front 122

Function of Teeth

Back 122

Assists in chewing

Front 123

Function of Esophagus

Back 123

the mucus secreted by this organ, as well as the action of its muscle layer, helps to move downward and into the stomach

Front 124

Function of the Small Intestine

Back 124

where most absorption of nutrients takes place

Front 125

Function of the Liver

Back 125

produces and secretes bile

Front 126

Function of Gallbladder

Back 126

stores bile

Front 127

Function of Pancreas

Back 127

produces substances that aid in digestion, as well as insulin and glucagon

Front 128

What is an age related effect of missing or painful teeth?

Back 128

makes chewing difficult and increases the perosn's risk of choking

Front 129

What is an age related effect of a decrease in the production of saliva?

Back 129

makes swallowing difficult

Front 130

What is an age related effect of slow movement of food through the digestive tract?

Back 130

can put hte older person at risk of constipation

Front 131

A condition that occurs when the feces remain in the intestines for too long

Back 131

constipation

Front 132

A transfer from nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream is?

Back 132

Absorption

Front 133

Involuntary wavelike muscular movements are?

Back 133

Peristalsis

Front 134

Substances that have the ability to break down chemical bonds are called?

Back 134

Enzymes

Front 135

The semisolid waste product of digestion is called?

Back 135

feces

Front 136

The process of breaking food down into simple elements is called?

Back 136

digestion

Front 137

What is the function of the kidney?

Back 137

clean flood and filtrate

Front 138

Function of the Ureter?

Back 138

two slender muscular tubes carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Front 139

Function of the Bladder?

Back 139

hollow sac that holds urine

Front 140

Function of Urethra?

Back 140

tube that carries urine out of the body from bladder

Front 141

The Urinary System consists of what?

Back 141

kidneys, ureters, the bladder, and the urethra

Front 142

T or F?
The urinary system removes waste products and excess fluid from the body in the form of urine?

Back 142

true

Front 143

T or F?
The Urinary Syst. helps regulate the acidity of the blood?

Back 143

true

Front 144

T or F?
The normal functioning of the urinary syst helps the body to maintain homeostasis

Back 144

true

Front 145

Describe the age related change of less effecient filtration

Back 145

descrease in the kidneys ability to filter waste products from the bloodstream

Front 146

Describe the age related change of decreased muscle tone

Back 146

most common in older women who have had children or are obese; may contribue to stress incontinence

Front 147

Describe the age related change of enlargement of the man;s prostate gland

Back 147

may result in episodes of overflow incontience

Front 148

Ovaries

Back 148

contain all the eggs in a "holding pattern" until they are needed

Front 149

Fertilization

Back 149

if it occurs, occurs in the fallopian tube

Front 150

Uterus

Back 150

the fertilized egg will attach to the lining of the uterus and cont. to grow

Front 151

Vagina

Back 151

serves as the birth canal, through which a baby pases during birth

Front 152

Lactation

Back 152

this occurs when the breast tissue is stimulated by the hormone prolactin

Front 153

Function of Testicles

Back 153

located in scotum sac and secrete testoterone

Front 154

Function of the Epididymis

Back 154

the sperm cells mature and develop the whiplike tail

Front 155

Function of Vas Deferens

Back 155

sperm cells are mixed with the secretions from the seminal vesciles and the prostate gland

Front 156

Function of the Penis

Back 156

allows sperm cells to be deposited into the woman's reproductive tract

Front 157

T or F?
Increased production of female sex hormones may also cause some women to develop facial hair

Back 157

false

Front 158

T ot F?
Menapause can cause hot flashes irritability, a loss of energy, and an inability to sleep

Back 158

true

Front 159

T or F?
some women experience vaginal dryness and irritation due to aging

Back 159

true

Front 160

T or F?
Frequency and duration of erections in men decrease with age

Back 160

true

Front 161

T or F?
Effects of aging on the resp. syst can result in decreased blood flowto the penis

Back 161

false

Front 162

T or F?
The prostate gland in men tends to enlarge with the age and make urination difficult

Back 162

true

Front 163

The process by which living thing makes more living things like itself is called?

Back 163

reproduction

Front 164

These special cells are contributed by each parent that contain half of the normal number of chromosomes.

Back 164

sex cells

Front 165

This occurs when the male and female sex cell joins, forming a cellt hat contains the complete number of chromosones

Back 165

conception

Front 166

The period during which the secondary sex charectoristcs appear and the reproductive organs begin to function is called what?

Back 166

puberty

Front 167

This is the cessation of menstruation and fertility that women typically experience in their early 50's

Back 167

menopause

Front 168

The montly loss of blood through the vagina that occurs in the absence of pregnancy is called what?

Back 168

mentral period

Front 169

The release of a ripe, mature egg from the female ovaries each month is called what?

Back 169

ovulation

Front 170

This is the process by which the glandular tissue of the female breast produces milk

Back 170

lactation

Front 171

This is a forcefull release of semen through the body

Back 171

ejaculation