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206 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 5 classic massage techniques
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Efleurage
Petrissage Friction Tapotment Vibration |
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Massage technique that slides or glides over the skin with a smooth, continuous motion
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Effleurage
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Massage technique that lifts, wrings, or squeezes soft tissues in a kneading motion, or press or roll tissues under the hands
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Petrissage
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Massage technique performed by rubbing one surface over another repeatedly
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Friction
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Massage technique that consists of rapid percussive movements performed in a rhythmic manner
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Tapotement
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Massage technique that may be described as an osscillating, quivering, or trembling motion, or movement back anf forth or up and down performed quickly and repeatedly
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Vibration
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Variations of effleurage include
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Basic sliding
Stripping Shingles Bilateral tree stroking 3 count stroking of trapezius Horizontal stroking Mennell's superficial stroking Knuckling |
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Effleurage (Characteristics)
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Slide/glide over skin with smooth, continuous motion
Used to begin a session Apply lubricant Accustom the receiver to touch Connect or transition from one body region to another Assess the condition of tissues Conclude work on area |
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Petrissage (Characteristics)
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Lift, wring, or squeeze soft tissues in a kneading position
Used to increase local circulation, "milk" tissues of accumulated waste products Assist venous return Separate muscle fibers Evoke muscular relaxation |
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Superficial Friction (Characteristics)
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Used for warming tissues and is performed by rubbing the palms briskly over the skin
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Used to separate tissues, break adhesions, form healthy scar tissue, or to create movement in less-muscled areas
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Deep Friction
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Deep friction is performed in what three ways?
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Cross-fiber
Parallel Circular |
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_____ is a specific type of cross-fiber friction that is applied directly to the site of a lesion
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Cyriax friction
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Which massage technique is contraindicated for acute injuries in the inflammation and regeneration stages?
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Friction (Cyriax)
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Cyriax friction is reserved for _____ injuries
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Subacute and chronic musculoskeletal injuries
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Tapotement (Characteristics)
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Consists of a series of brisk percussive movements following each other in rapid, alternating fashion
Used for stimulation and as finishing technique |
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What are endangerment sites?
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Areas of the body where delicate structures are less protected and therefore more easily damaged when receiving massage
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Examples of endangerment sites include?
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Anterior neck, vertebral column, thoracic cage, axilla, elbow, umbilicus, kidney area, inguinal area, popliteal fossa, eyes, and major veins in the extremeties
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Contraindications and cautions for massage include:
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Severe distress
Acute inflammation Skin problems Osteoporosis Decreased or increased sensation Compromised immunity Bleeding/Bruising Edema CV disorders Diseases spread by circulation Loss of structural integrity Contact lenses and hearing aids |
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Medication Effects (Massage)
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Medications may affect the scheduling of massage sessions, the length of sessions, techniques used and their application or client's behavior
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Types of medication that require caution include
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Those that alter sensation
Affect the blood and circulation Compromise tissue integrity Alter mood (on coumatin, warfin) |
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Are persons under the influence of alcohol or recreational drugs good candidates for massage?
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No. Those people should not receive massage b/c such substances alter sensation, affect mood, and reduce good judgement
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Physical Agents can be categorized as
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Thermal Agents
Mechanical Agents Electromagnetic Agents |
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Types of Thermal Agents include
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Deep heating agents
Superficial Heating Agents Cooling Agents |
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Clinical examples of thermal agents include
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Ultrasound, diathermy (Deep heating)
Hot pack (Superficial heating) Ice pack (Cooling agents) |
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Cooling Agents belong to what category of physical agents?
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Thermal agents
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Types of mechanical agents include
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Traction
Compression Water Sound |
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Clinical examples of mechanical agents include
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Mechanical traction (traction)
Elastic bandage, stocking (compression) Whirlpool (Water) Ultrasound (sound) |
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Types of electromagnetic agents include
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Electromagnetic fields
Electric currents |
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Clinical examples of electromagnetic agents include
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Ultraviolet, laser (Electromagnetic fields)
TENS (Electric current |
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Example of physical agents that fall under one or more categories of physical agents
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Ultrasound and Water (Mechanical and thermal)
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Therapeutic application of cold
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Cryotherapy
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Therapeutic application of heat
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Thermotherapy
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These agents transfer energy to a patient to produce an increase or decrease in tissue temperature
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Thermal Agents
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These agents apply force to increase or decrease pressure on the body.
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Mechanical
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These agents apply energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation or an electrical current
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Electromagnetic
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Four effects of physical agents
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Tissue Healing
Pain Modulation Motion Restrictions Tone Abnormalities |
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______ phase is characterized by heat, swelling, pain, redness and loss of function.
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Inflammatory
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_____ phase contributes to reducing circulation, reducing pain, reducing enzyme activity rate, controlling motion, and promoting progression.
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Proliferation
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_______ phase usually starts approximately 9 days after the initial injury and can last for up to 2 years, both deposition and reabsorption of collagen occur.
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Maturation
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Stages of Tissue Healing?
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Initial injury
Chronic inflammation Remodeling |
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5 Cardinal signs of inflammation and their cause
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Heat - Increased vascularity
Redness - Increased vascularity Swelling - Blockage of lymphatic drainage Pain - Physical pressure or chemical irritation of pain-sensitive structures Loss of function - Pain and swelling |
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Which collagen type is weaker? stronger?
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Weaker - Type 3
Stronger - Type 1 |
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Factors Influencing Healing
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Local:
Type, size, and location of injury Infection Vascular supply movement/excessive pressure Temperature deviation Topical Medications Electromagnetic energy Retained foreign body Systemic Age Infection or disease Metabolic status Nurtition Hormones Medication Fever Oxygen |
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Small unmyelinated nerve fibers that transmit action potentials quite slowly
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C fibers
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Myelinated nerve fibers that transmit action potentials more rapidly
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A Delta fibers
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Explain how mechanical trauma usually activates both c and A delta fibers (Brick example)
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Brick falls on foot...Initial sharp pain is transmitted by A delta fibers...Later the deep ache is transmitted by the C fibers
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Inhibition of pain by inputs from nonnociceptor (A beta) afferents is known as
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Pain gating
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Excitatory inputs are ______
Inhibitory inputs are ____ |
A delta and C fibers = Excitatory
A beta = Inhibitory |
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When you rub your skin after hitting it releases _____ which inhibit pain
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A beta fiber
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Gate control theory of pain modulation
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A theory of pain control and modulation that states that pain is modulated at the spinal cord level by inhibitory effects of innocuous afferent input
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What describes that severity of the pain sensation is determined by the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the T cells in the spinal cord
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Gate control theory of pain modulation
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When is lower tone and higher tone abnormal?
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Lower tone is not abnormal unless an individual cannot increase it sufficiently to prepare for movement or holding.
Higher tone is not abnormal unless the individual cannot alter it at will, or unless it produces discomfort as in muscle spasm or cramps...Thus normal muscle tone is not particular amount of passive resistance to stretch but rather a controllable range of tension that supports normal movement and posture |
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Input to Alpha Motor Neurons comes from these sources
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Peripheral (Leg)
Spinal (Spine) Supraspinal (Head) |
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Input to alpha motor neurons From peripheral receptors include:
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Muscle spindles via 1 a sensory neurons
GTOs via 1b sensory neurons Cutaneous receptors via other sensory neurons |
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Input to alpha motor neurons from spinal sources include:
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Propriospinal interneurons
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Input to alpha motor nuerons from supraspinal sources include
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Cortex, basal ganglia via corticospinal tract
Cerebellum, red nucles via rubrospinal tract Vesticular system, cerebellum via vestibulospinal tracts Limbic system, autonomic nervous system via reticulospinal tracts |
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Interventions for Low muscle tone
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Hydrotherapy
Quick ice Electrical stimulation Biofeedback Light touch Tapping Resistive exercises ROM exercises Therapeutic exercises Functional training Orthotics |
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Possible consequences of abnormally high muscle tone
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Discomfort or pain from muscle spasms
Contractures Abnormal posture Skin breakdown Increased effort by caregivers to assist with bathing, dressing, transfers Development of sterotyped movement patterns that may inhibit development of movement alternatives May inhibit function |
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Interventions for High Muscle Tone
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Relaxation techniques
Heat Massage Hydrotherapy Cold towels Selective ROM exercises Positioning Prolonged ice E-stim Meds |
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Role of physical agents in the Tx of motion restrictions
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Increase soft tissue extensibility
Control inflammation and adhesion formation Control pain during stretching Facilitate motion |
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Therapeutic application of thermal agents results in transfer of heat to or from a patients body and between the tissues and fluids of the body. This heat transfer occurs by
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Conduction
Convection Conversion Radiation Evaporation |
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The result of energy exchange by direct collision between the molecules of two materials at different temperatures
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Conduction
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Heat is conducted from the materials at the ____ temperature to the material at the ____ temperature
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Higher temp
Lower temp |
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When you shower and someone opens the door..hot air goes? this is an example of?
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Hot air goes out...example of conduction
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How many layers must be placed between a hot pack and the patient
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6 - 8 layers or 3 - 4 terry cloths
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Whirlpools and fluidotherapy transfer heat via
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convection
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Occurs as a result of direct contact between a circulating medium and another material of a different temperature
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Convection
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Heat transfer by ___ occurs only between materials of different temperatures that are in direct contact with each other
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Conduction
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Diathermy and ultrasound heat patients by
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Conversion
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Heat transfer by ____ involves the conversion of a nonthermal form of energy such as mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy into heat
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Conversion
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Heating by ____ involves the direct transfer of energy from a material with a higher temperature to one with a lower temperature without the need for an intervening medium or contact
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Radiation
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Infrared lamps transfer heat via
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Radiation
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Vapocoolant sprays transfer heat from the patient by
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Evaporation
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Therapuetic use of cold
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Cryotherapy
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Temperature cycling with alternating vasconstriction and vasodilation (Reason why you don't place ice for more than 20 minutes)
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Hunting response
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Effects of Cold
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Hemodynamic effects
Initial decrease in blood flow Later increase in blood flow Neuromuscular Effects Decreased nerve conduction velocity Increased pain threshold Altered muscle strength Decreased spasticity Facilitation of Muscle contraction Metabolic effects Decreased metabolic rate |
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Apply cryotherapy immediately after injury and during the acute inflammatory phase of healing to help control...
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help control bleeding, edema, pain and to accelerate recovery
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When using cryotherapy to control inflammation on the extremities, apply for how much time?
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no longer than 20 minutes at least one hour apart
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Cryotherapy along with ___ & ____ reduces post injury edema
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Compression and elevation
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Contraindications for the use of cryotherapy
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Cold hypersensitivity (cold-induced urticaria)
Cold intolerance Cryoglobulinemia Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria Raynaud's disease Over regenerating peripheral nerves Over an area with circulatory compromise or peripheral vascular disease |
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Precautions for the use of cryotherapy
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Over a superficial main branch of a nerve
Over an open mound Hypertension Poor sensation or poor mentation Very young and very old patients |
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It is best to ice things on a
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Stretch
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Most severe adverse effect from improper application of cryotherapy is
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Tissue death
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Cool cold packs for at least _ hours before initial use and for _ minutes between uses
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2 hours
30 minutes |
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Typical sequence of sensations in response to cryotherapy is
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intense cold
burning aching analgesia numbness |
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Therapeutic application of heat
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Thermotherapy
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Effects of heat
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Hemodynamic effects:
Vasodilation Nueromuscular effects: Changes in nerve conduction velocity and firing rate Increased pain threshold Changes in muscle strength (decrease inital 30 mins with heat) Metabolic effects: Increased Metabolic rate Altered Tissue extensibility Increased collagen extensibility |
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Uses of superficial heat
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Pain control
Increased ROM Decrease joint stiffness Accelerate healing Infrared radiation for psoriasis |
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Contraindication for the use of thermotherapy
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Recent or potential hemorrhage
Thrombophlebitis Impaired sensation Impaired mentation Malignant tumor IR irradiation of the eyes |
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Precautions for the use of thermotherapy
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Acute injury or inflammation
Pregnancy Impaired circulation Edema Cardiac insufficiency Metal in the area Over an open wound Over areas where topical counterirritants have recently been applied Demyelinated nerves |
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Fluidotherapy is a dry heating agent that transfers heat by
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convection
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Effects of Cryotherapy on:
Pain Muscle Spasm Blood flow Edema formation Nerve conduction velocity Metabolic rate Collagen extensibility Joint stiffness Spasticity |
Pain - Decrease
Muscle Spasm - Decrease Blood flow - Decrease Edema formation - Decrease Nerve conduction velocity - Decrease Metabolic rate - Decrease Collagen extensibility - Decrease Joint stiffness - Increase Spasticity - Decrease |
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Effects of Thermotherapy on:
Pain Muscle Spasm Blood flow Edema formation Nerve conduction velocity Metabolic rate Collagen extensibility Joint stiffness Spasticity |
Pain - Decrease
Muscle Spasm - Decrease Blood flow - Increase Edema formation - Increase Nerve conduction velocity - Increase Metabolic rate - Increase Collagen extensibility - Increase Joint stiffness - Decrease Spasticity - No effect |
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Toweling for Cryotherapy? Thermotherapy?
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Cryo - one pillow case
Thermo - 6-8 towels |
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Ultrasound has a variety of physical effects that can be classified as ______ or ______
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Thermal or non thermal
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Ultrasound thermal effects
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Acoustic streaming
Microstreaming Cavitation with heat |
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Ultrasound non-thermal effects
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Acoustic streaming
Microstreaming Cavitation |
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Ultrasound depth is ____ of soft tissue
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2 - 5 cm
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Ultrasound setting for Acute injury
Duty cycle and intensity |
20% duty cycle
0.5 intensity |
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Ultrasound setting for Sub-acute
Duty cycle and intensity |
50% duty cycle
1.0 intensity |
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Ultrasound setting for chronic
Duty cycle and intensity |
100% duty cycle
0.5 intensity |
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True/False...When using one Mhz ultrasound you can go up to 1.5 intensity
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True...in 3.3 MHz stay at 0.5 intensity
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Clinical applications of ultrasound
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Soft tissue shortening
Pain control Dermal ulcers Surgical Skin incisions Tendon and ligament injuries Resorption of calcium deposits Bone fractures Phonophoresis Carpal tunnel syndrome |
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Contraindications for the use of ultrasound
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Malignant tumor
Pregnancy CNS tissue Joint cement Plastic components Pacemaker Thrombophlebitis Eyes Reproductive organs |
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Kleinkort and wood compared the efficacy of different drug concentrations used for phonophoresis and found that ___ hydrocortisone was more effective than 1% hydrocortisone
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10%
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The application of ultrasound in conjunction with a topical drug preparation as the ultrasound transmission medium
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Phonophoresis
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Can you use ultrasound over areas with metal implants?
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Yes.
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Most common adverse effect of ultrasound
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Burn
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Precautions for the use of ultrasound
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Acute inflammation
Epiphyseal plates Fractures Breast implants |
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If you have poor quad muscle firing which type of e-stim would you use?
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russian
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Innervated stimulate through
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Muscle
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Denervated stimualte through
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nonmuscle
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Pulses lasting longer than 10 ms are needed to produce contractions in ____ muscle
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denervated
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Innervated muscle contract in response to short pulses of electricity because the current causes depolarization of their motor nerves. This is known as
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Nueromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)
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Longer duration pulses depolarize the muscle cell membrane directly, this is known as
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electrical muscle stimulation (EMS)
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Clinical applications of electrical currents
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Muscle contractions
Pain modulation Tissue healing Edema control Iontophoresis |
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Goal of TENs unit
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Decrease pain
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Interferential current is used for
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reducing pain and swelling
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Electrodes should be at least ___ apart to avoid them being too close
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2 inches apart
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A _____ should be used when electrical stimulation is used to produce muscle contraction
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russian protocol or pulsed biphasic waveform
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Use of low amp DC to facilitate transdermal dug delivery
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Iontophoresis
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Depth of drug delivery (iontophoresis) is about _____
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3 - 20 mm
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What type of current must be used for iontophoresis
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Direct current
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Ion: Acetate
Source: Polarity Electrode: Indications: Concentration: |
Ion: Acetate
Source: Acetic acid Polarity: Negative Electrode: Cathode Indications: Calcium deposits Concentration: 2.5 - 5 % |
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Ion: Dexamethasone phosphate
Source: Polarity Electrode: Indications: Concentration: |
Ion: Dexamethasone
Source: DexNa2PO3 Polarity: Negative Electrode: Cathode Indications: Inflammation Concentration:0.4% |
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Ion: Lidocaine
Source: Polarity Electrode: Indications: Concentration: |
Ion: Lidocaine
Source: Lidocaine w/ epinephrine Polarity: Positive Electrode: Anode Indications: Local anesthetic Concentration:5% |
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Lidocaine -
Dexamethasone Acetate |
Lidocaine - Pain
Dexamethasone - inflammation Acetate - calcium deposit |
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For iontophoresis the drug delivery electrode should have ____ polarity of the active ion of the drug to be delivered
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same polarity
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Cathode
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Negative electrode
Alkaline reaction |
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Anode
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Positive electrode
Acidic reaction |
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Contraindications for the use of electrical currents
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Demand cardiac pacemaker or unstable arrythmias
Placement of electrodes over carotid sinus Areas when venous or srterial thrombosis or thrombophlebitis is present Pregnancy - over or around the abdomen or low back |
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Precautions for the use of electrical currents
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Cardiac disease
Patients with impaired mentation or in areas with impaired sensation Malignant tumors Areas of skin irritation or open wounds Iontophoresis after other physical agents |
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Electrical currents can cause ____ (adverse effect)
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burns
skin irritation or inflammation |
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When the electrodes are closer together, the current travels more
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superficially
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When the electrodes are farther apart, the current goes
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deeper
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Specific uses of water exercise
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• Musculoskeletal problems: decreased weight bearing on joints, velocity-dependent resistance, closed or open chain exercises, effects on bone density loss, fibromyalgia
• Neurological problems: proprioceptive input, increased safety, improved balance • Cardiac Fitness: cardiac conditioning in patients with poor tolerance for land-based experience • Exercise in Water during Pregnancy: decreased weight bearing, less elevation of heart rate with exercise, decreased risk of maternal hyperthermia • Exercise-induced asthma: less exercise-induced asthma than with other forms of exercise • Age-related deficits: improved balance, improved strength, improved cardiorespiratory fitness, improved functional mobility. |
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It is important to maintain a ____ rather than a ____ wound environment to optimize wound healing
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moist rather than a dry environment
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_____ may also be used in the care of wounds from trauma, surgery, abscesses, dehisced incisions, necrotizinf fascitis or cellulitis
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Hydrotherapy
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Why is hydrotherapy used for wound healing?
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Because its cleansing properties facilitate rehyrdation, softening, and debridement of necrotic tissue and removal of exogenous wound debris, and the hydrostatic pressure of water immersion and the heat of warm water improve circulation
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Nonimmersion irrigation devices should deliver fluid at ___ psi to remove debris without causing tissue damage
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4 - 15 psi
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Generally, ______ hydrotherapy is recommended for the treatment of wounds containg necrotic, nonviable tissue or debris
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Nonimmersion
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Hydrotherapy should be discontinued when the wound base is
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Fully covered with granulation tissue. The skin surrounding the wound should be dried immediately after hydrotherapy to avoid macreation
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To avoid the infection risks associated with whirlpool use, most facilities use ______ for wound care.
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Nonimmersion hydrotherapy techniques
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The deeper you go in water, the ____ you weigh
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Less
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Moving water transfers heat via
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convection
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stationary water moves heat via
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conduction
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Hydrotherapy is considered an important component of the treatment of ____
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acute burn injuries
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What are the two types of wound care
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Immersion and nonimmersion hydrotherapy
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Immersion (examples)
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Whirlpool
Pool |
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Non-immersion (example)
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pulsed lavage
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Contraindications for the use of local immersion forms for hydrotherapy
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Maceration around a wound
Bleeding |
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Precautions for the use of local immersion forms of hydrotherapy
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Impaired thermal sensation in the area to be immersed
Infection in the area to be immersed Confusion or impaired cognition Recent skin grafts |
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Precautions for the use of full body immersion in hot or very warm water
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Pregnancy
Multiple sclerosis Poor thermal regulation |
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Contraindications for the use of fully body immersion hydrotherapy
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cardiac instability
Infectious conditions that may spread by water Bowel incontinence Severe epilepsy Suicidal patients |
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Fear of water is a contraindication or a precaution?
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Precaution
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Precautions for the use of fully body immersion hydrotherapy
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Confusion or disorientation
Alcohol ingestion by the patient Limited strength, endurance, balance, ROM Meds Urinary incontinence Fear of water Respiratory problems |
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Precautions for the use of nonimmersion hydrotherapy
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Maceration
May be ineffective |
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Kyle (Runner) injured his ankle (damn tree branch), what is the best thing he can do to keep up his cardio/training for his 100 mile race?
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Pool running (where foot doesn't touch floor)
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The faster you move in water, what happens in terms of viscosity (resistance)
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The more resistance you will obtain
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Contraindications for the use of negative pressure wound therapy
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Necrotic tissue
Untreated osteomyelitis Malignancy Untreated malnutrition Exposed arteries, veins, nerves, or organs Nonenteric and unexplored fistulas |
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Adverse effects of hydrotherapy
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Drowning
Burns, Fainting, and Bleeding Hyponatremia (loss of Na) Infection Aggravation of edema Asthma exacerbation |
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Clinical indications for the use of spinal traction
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Disc bulge or herniation
Nerve root impingement Joint hypomobility Subacute joint inflammation paraspinal muscle spasm |
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When should intermittent traction be avoided?
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Immediately after an injury
During the acute inflammatory phase When reptitive motion may worsen an injury or increase inflammation |
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What traction may be used during acute stage?
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Static traction
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True/False. Patients who have worsening symptoms with spinal loading and improved symptoms with decreased spinal loading are good candidates for traction
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True
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Contraindications for the use of traction
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Where motion is contraindicated
Acute injury or inflammation Joint hypermobility or instability Peripheralization of symptoms with traction Uncontrolled hypertension |
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Parameters for the Application of Lumbar Spinal Traction
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Initial/acute phase
Force: 13 -20 kg (29-44lbs) Hold/Relax times: Static Total traction time: 5-10 mins |
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Traction force to the lumbar spine should generally not exceed ____ of the patients weight
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50%
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The traction force to the lumbar spine should start at between __ and ___
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13 and 20 kg (30 and 45 lbs)
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Parameters for the application of cervical spine traction
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Initial/acute stage
Force: 3-4 kg (7-9 lbs) Hold time: static Total traction time: 5-10 mins |
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The traction force to the cervical spine should start at
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3 and 4 kg (8-10 lbs)
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Traction force to the cervial spine should not exceed
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13 kg (30 lbs)
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During self traction or manual traction where should your feet be? Why?
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Feet should be on the ground to prevent hyperlordosis
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The primary clinical application for compression is
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for the control of peripheral edema
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Clinical indications for the use of external compression
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Edema
Prevention of DVT Venous stasis ulcers Residual Limb shaping after amputation Control of hypertrophic scarring |
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Compression should not be applied if the ABI is less than
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0.8
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Compression bandages are generally applied by wrapping them around a limb in a....
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wrapping them around the limb in a figure 8 manner...Tighter to looser (distal - tighter; proximal - looser)
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Because IR radiation and continuous shortwave and microwave diathermy delivered at sufficient intensity can increase tissue temperature, these agents are thought to affect tissues primarily by
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Thermal mechanisms
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UV radiation and low levels of pulsed diathermy or light do not increase tissue temperature and are therefore thought to affect tissues by
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nonthermal mechanisms
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Clinical indications for the use of lasers and light
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Tissue healing: soft tissue and bone
Arthritis Lymphedema Nuerological conditions Pain mgmt |
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Contraindications for the use of laser and light
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Direct irradiation of the eyes
Malignancy Within 4-6 months after radiotherapy Over hemorrhaging regions Over the thyroid or other endocrine glands |
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True/False. Only the clinican should wear goggles during laser treatment
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False. Both clinican and patient should wear goggles during laser treatment. The goggles should be marked with the range of wavelengths they block
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Clinical indications for UV radiation
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Psoriasis
Wound healing |
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UVC in adequate doses can be? (do what to bacteria?)
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Bactericidal (kill bacteria)
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The application of shortwave or microwave electromagnetic energy to produce heat and other physiological changes within tissue
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Diathermy
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Diathermy heats ___ than hot packs and heats a ___ area than ultrasound
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Deeper
Larger |
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Clinical indication for Thermal level diathermy
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Pain control
accelerated tissue healing decreased joint stiffness increase ROM (inconjuction with stretching) |
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Clinical indications for nonthermal diathermy
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Control Pain and edema
Soft tissue healing Nerve healing Bone healing Osteoarthritis symptoms Promote wound, nerve, fracture healing |
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Ultrasound intensity usually measured in
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W/cm2
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Power is measured in
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Watts
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Frequency is measured in
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Megahertz (MHz)
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Which MHz penetrates deeper?
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1.0 Mhz Deeper
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What are some good ultrasound transmission mediums?
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Gel
Ultrasound lotion water |
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Ultrasound should generally be used to treat areas equal to ___ the ERA of the transducer
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Twice
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Ultrasound transducer should be moved throughout the treatment in which manner?
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circular or stroking (s motion)
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A continuous unidirectional flow of charged particles
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Direct current (DC)
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Iontophoresis uses which current type
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DC
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A continuous bidirectional flow of charged particles
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Alternating current (AC)
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A form of stimulation designed to stimulate motor nerves to optimize muscle strengthening
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Russian protocol
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UV radiation is divided into what three bands?
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UVA
UVB UVC |
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UVA wavelength
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320-400 nm
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UVB wavelength
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290-320
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UVC wavelength
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<290nm
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The intensity of UV radiation reaching the skin is highest with a high power lamp positioned close to the patient with the radiation beam _______ to the skin's surface
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Perpendicular
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Four responses to inflammatory phase
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Vascular
Hemostatic Cellular Immune |
