Clinical Psychology 2301 Uwo Chapter 12

Front 1

Roots and Underlying Theory

Back 1

the focus is on changing observable behaviour, achieved by systematic applications of learning theory-based principles

Front 2

Classical conditioning

Back 2

associates a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, through repeated pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response

Front 3

extinction

Back 3

failure of an unconditioned stimulus to follow the neutral stimulus weakens a conditioned response

Front 4

operant conditioning

Back 4

leads to change in future behaviour as a function of its previously experienced consequences

Front 5

positive reinforcement

Back 5

behaviour is followed b a positive consequence that increases its future likelihood in situations with similar discriminative stimuli

Front 6

negative reinforcement

Back 6

particular behaviour allows the person to escape from or avoid an aversive state thereby increasing its future likelihood in situations with similar discriminative stimuli

Front 7

punishment

Back 7

a situation where an undesirable behaviour followed by an aversive consequence

Front 8

relational or associative learning

Back 8

conscious, allows us to connect stimuli and behaviour that occur at the same time

Front 9

primary reinforcers

Back 9

food, drink, sex, chemically induced pleasure (like cocaine)

Front 10

secondary reinforcers

Back 10

money, token economy, verbal praise,

Front 11

flooding

Back 11

phobic client is exposed to highly fear-arousing situation, therapist provides ongoing encouragement to assure that the client remains in the situation until noticeable anxiety habituation has set in

Front 12

systematic desensitization

Back 12

treats phobias; learn relaxation, exposure procedure, gradually works up from least fear producing to more fear producing situations

Front 13

graduated exposure

Back 13

based on rationale that the avoidance of the feared stimulus needs to be stopped; similar to systematic desensitization

Front 14

contingency contracting

Back 14

agreement between client and patient that spells out the consequence for not completing a contract

Front 15

token economy

Back 15

reinforcement system that has developed tokens to be present for certain types of reinforcers, like a weekend pass or extra dessert

Front 16

satiation or overcorrection

Back 16

mild aversive punishment, someone is required to engage in an activity that might be initially pleasant but that needs to continue until the subjective quality becomes unpleasant

Front 17

response cost

Back 17

punishment procedure where a corresponding specified amount of reinforcement is removed (contingent on production of undesirable behaviour)

Front 18

shaping

Back 18

sequential learning process where individuals learn through reinforcement procedures to acquire the skills needed for complex behaviour

Front 19

chaining

Back 19

sequential learning process, ultimate target behaviour can be broken down into steps that one can learn one after the other

Front 20

modeling-mastery model

Back 20

method of helping an individual acquire a new behaviour by showing how its done very well

Front 21

modeling-coping model

Back 21

method of helping an individual acquire a new behaviour by showing her how it can be done by most people

Front 22

aversion therapy

Back 22

method that provides an unpleasant consequence after an undesirable behaviour was shown (ex. using a rubber band when notice of negative thoughts)

Front 23

Steps in Behaviour Therapy

Back 23

Assessment
Functional Analysis
Choose Target
Choose Method
Develop Rationale and Treatment Plan, Seek Consent
Execution of Plan
Test of Outcome

Front 24

Dysfunctional Thinking Pattern Examples

Back 24

Labeling, Discounting or disqualifying positive features, Catastrophizing, Black-and-White Thinking, Fortune Telling, "Must" or "Should" statements, Emotional Reasoning, Mind reading

Front 25

Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck

Back 25

Ellis- created rational emotive therapy (first form of cognitive therapy), (came up with the ABC concept)

Beck- strongly anchored in extensive research on the nature of depression & typical thought patterns
-COGNITIVE TRIAD -describes patient's overly pessimist view

Front 26

automatic thoughts

Back 26

in Beck's layer model, the thoughts that accompany everyday activity, the "inner script"

Front 27

underlying assumptions

Back 27

in Beck's layer model, connects seemingly accidental patterns in our own thinking
-where therapist recognize dysfunctional thought patterns in depressed patients

Front 28

Schemas/Core beliefs

Back 28

in Beck's layer model, the deepest and most long-standing level of influence created during childhood years

Front 29

Biofeedback

Back 29

form of cognitive-behavioural therapy ; involves learning principles (tying sensory perception processes to feedback) and reinforcement techniques
-involves models of skill development
-

Front 30

proprioception

Back 30

the process of acute changes in biological functions especially when they are not usually open to awareness

Front 31

What is biofeedback used for?

Back 31

1. to help individuals achieve a generalized relaxation response
2. to help a client improve control or relearn biological functions are site specific autonomic self-regulatory proces

Front 32

Stress Management

Back 32

mixture of techniques, mod of which are taught in a superficial manner.

Front 33

3 types of stress management and what they are

Back 33

1. primary systemic stress prevention: truly primary prevention type of stress management that achieves its goals via system and policy changes

2. preventive, skill learning stress management: preventive, skill learning based approach that is not necessarily reactive to a preceding diagnosis of acute distress; can be offered as a manual-driven, standardized program

3. Reactive, Problem-solving stress management: reactive to a known, existing problem; it is applied to situations that are predictably and commonly stressful (ex. massive layoff in a company)