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158 Cards in this Set
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What are the basic philosophies of cognitive behavior therapy?
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-individuals tend to incorporate faulty thinking, which leads to emotional and behavioral disturbances
-cognitions are the major determinants of how we feel and act -therapy is oriented toward cognition and behavior -stresses role of thinking, deciding, questioning, doing, and redeciding -psychoeducational model -learning process: --need to acquire and learn new skills --new ways of thinking -acquiring more effective ways of coping with problems |
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What are the key concepts of cognitive therapy?
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-although problems may be rooted in childhood, person's belief is the primary cause of disorders
-internal dialog plays a central role in one's behavior -clients focus on examining faulty assumptions and misconceptions and on replacing these with effective beliefs |
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What are the goals of cognitive therapy?
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-to challenge clients to confront faulty beliefs with contradictory evidence that they gather and evaluate
-seek out their rigid beliefs and minimize them -become aware of automatic thoughts and to challenge them |
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What is the therapeutic relationship in cognitive behavioral therapy?
REBT? |
-therapist functions as a teacher and the client as a student
-therapist is highly directive and teaches client an A-B-C model of changing their cognitions |
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What is the therapeutic relationship in cognitive behavioral therapy?
CT |
-focus is on collaborative relationship
-using Socratic dialog, the therapist assists clients in identifying dysfunctional beliefs and discovering alternative rules for living -therapists promote corrective experiences that lead to learning new skills -clients gain insight into their problems and then must actively practice changing self-defeating thinking and acting |
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What are the techniques of cognitive behavior therapy?
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-use a variety of cognitive, emotive, and behavioral techniques
-active, directive, time-limited, present centered, psychoeducational, structured therapy -socratic dialogue -collaborative empiricism -debating irrational beliefs -homework assignments -gathering data on assumptions one has made -keeping a record of activities -forming alternative interpretation -learning new coping skills -changing one's language and thinking patterns -role playing -imagery -confronting faulty beliefs -self-instructional training -stress inoculation training |
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What are the limitations to cognitive behavior therapy?
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-tends to play down emotions
-does not focus on exploring the unconscious or underlying conflicts -does not give enough weight to client's past |
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What are the applications of cognitive behavior therapy?
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-treats depression, anxiety, relationship problems,
-stress management, skill training, -substance abuse, eating disorders, panic attacks performance anxiety -assertion training, social phobia -useful for assisting people in modifying their cognitions -can treat a wide range of client populations |
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What are limitations of REBT?
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-being a confrontational therapy might lead to premature termination
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What is the limitation to CT?
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might be too structured for some clients
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What is the basic philosophies of reality theory?
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-based on choice theory
-assumes that we are by nature social creatures and we need quality relationships to be happy -psychological problems are the result of resisting control and controlling others -choice theory is an explanation of human nature and how to best achieve satisfying interpersonal relationships |
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What are the key concepts of reality therapy?
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focus on:
-what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present actions are working for them -people are mainly motivated to satisfy their needs, especially the need for significant relationships -the approach rejects the medical model, the notion of transference, the unconscious, and dwelling on one's past |
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What are the goals of therapy for reality theory?
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-to help people become more effective in meeting their needs
-enable clients to get reconnected with the people they have chosen to put into their quality worlds and teach clients choice theory |
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What is the therapeutic relationship in reality therapy?
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-therapist's main function is to create a good relationship with the client
-engages client in an evaluation of all their relationships with respect to what they want and how effective they are in getting this -therapists find out what the clients want, -ask what they are choosing to do, -invite them to evaluate present behavior, -help them make plans for change, and -get them to make a commitment -the therapist is a client's advocate as long as the client is willing to attempt to behave responsibly |
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What are the techniques of reality therapy?
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-active, directive and didactic therapy
-get clients to evaluate what they are presently doing to see if they are willing to change -if clients decide that their present behavior is not effective, they develop a specific plan for change and make a commitment to follow through |
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What are the limitations of the approaches of reality theory?
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-does not adequately address exploration of the client's past, dreams, the unconscious, early experiences, and transference
-approach is limited to less complex problems -it is a problem solving therapy that tends to discourage exploration of deeper emotional issues -vulnerable to practitioner who want to "fix" clients quickly -clinicians may have trouble viewing all psychological disorders (including serious mental illness) as behavioral choices -there is a danger for the therapist of imposing his or her personal views on clients by deciding for the client what constitutes responsible behavior -reality therapy is often construed as simple and easy to master when in fact it requires much training to implement properly -lack of sensitivity-puts lots of blame on you -not good for some psychopathologies -good with personality disorders though |
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What are the applications of reality therapy?
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-teaching people ways of using choice theory in everyday living to increase effective behaviors
- used on wide range of individuals, group, youthful law offenders, and couples and family therapy -can also be used in brief therapy and crisis intervention |
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What is the basic philosophies of family systems therapy?
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-the family is viewed from a interactive and systematic perspective
-when working with an individual, must understand person within family system -clients are connected to a living system -a change in one part of the system will result in a change in other parts -family provides context for understanding how individuals function in relationship to others and how they behave -treatment is best focused on the family unit -an individual's dysfunctional behavior grows out of the interactional unit of the family and out of larger systems as well -change the system, create change for individual -short term, solution focused, here and now |
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What are the key concepts to family systems therapy?
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-focus is on communication patterns within a family--both verbal and nonverbal
-problems in relationships are likely to be passed on from generation to generation -symptoms are viewed as ways of communicating with the aim of controlling other family members -include differentiation, triangles, power coalitions, family of origin dynamics, functional vs. dysfunctional interaction patterns, dealing with the here and now interactions -present is more important than exploring past experiences |
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What are techniques of family systems therapy?
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-genograms
-teaching -asking questions -joining the family -tracking sequences -issuing directives -use of counter transference -family mapping -reframing -restructuring -enactments -setting boundaries -designed to bring change in short time |
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What is the therapeutic relationship with family systems therapy?
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-family therapist functions as a teacher, coach, model, and consultant
-learns ways to detect and solve problems that are keeping members stuck -it learns about patterns that have been transmitted from generation to generation -some approaches focus on the role of therapist as expert, others concentrate on intensifying what is going on in the here and now of the family session -all family therapists are concerned with the process of family interaction and teaching patterns of communication |
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What are the applications of family systems therapy?
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-useful for dealing with marital distress
-problems of communicating among family members -power struggles -crisis situations in the family -helping individuals attain their potential -enhancing the overall functioning of the family |
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What are the limitations of the family systems therapy?
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-being able to involve all the members of a family in therapy
-some family members may be resistant to changing the structure of the system -therapist' self knowledge and willingness to work on their own family of origin issues is crucial, because the potential for counter-transference is high -essential that the therapist be well trained, received quality supervision, and be competent in assessing and treating individuals in a family context -overemphasis on the system may result in the unique characteristics of the individual family members being overlooked -concern with the well-being and function of the system may overshadow the therapist's view of the needs and functioning of the individual system -practitioner are cautioned not to assume that western models of family are universal and must be culturally competent -therapists with a westernized view of the family may inadvertently overlook the importance of extended family when working with families form other cultures |
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What are the basic philosophies on feminist therapy?
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-criticize many traditional theories b/c they are based on gender biased concepts, such as being androcentric, gendercentric, ethnocentric, heterosexist, and intrapsychic
-constructs of feminist therapy include being gender fair, flexible, interactionist, and life span oriented -gender and power is at the heart of feminist therapy -recognizes cultural, social and political factors that contribute to an individual's problems |
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What are the key concepts in feminist therapy?
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-person is political
-commitment to social change -women's voices and ways of knowing are valued -women's experiences are honored -counseling relationship is egalitarian -focus on strengths and reformulated definition of psychological distress -all types of oppression are recognized |
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What are the goals of therapy in feminist therapy?
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-bring about transformation int he indivdiaul client and in society
-assist clients in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender-role socialization -to confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate ore oppress on any basis |
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What is the therapeutic relationship like in feminist theory?
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-based on empowerment and egalitarianism
-actively break down the hierarchy of power and reduce artificial barriers by engaging in appropriate self disclosure and teaching clients about the therapy process -strive to create a collaborative relationship in which clients can become their own experts |
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What is the techniques of feminist therapy?
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-tend to employ consciousness-raising techniques aimed at helping clients recognize the impact of gender-role socialization on their lives
-also use gender role analysis -intervention, -power analysis, -demystifying therapy, - bibliotherapy, -journal writing, -therapist self-disclosure, -assertiveness training, -reframing and relabeling, -cognitive restructuring, -identifying and challenging untested beliefs, -role playing, -psychodramatic methods, -group work, and -social action |
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What are the application of approaches to feminist therapy?
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-principles and techniques can be applied to a range of therapeutic modalities:
--individual therapy --relationship counseling --family therapy --group counseling --community intervention -applied to both women and men with the goal of bringing about empowerment |
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What are the limitations to feminist theory?
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-potential for therapist to impose a new set of values on clients
-such as striving for equality, power in relationships, defining oneself, freedom to pursue a career outside the home, and the right to an education -therapists have to remember that clients are their own best experts, which means its up to them what values to live by -do not take a value neutral stance -must be careful not to impose their cultural values on a client -may challenge societal values that subordinate certain groups without first gaining a clear understanding of the client's culture, may alient clients -heavy on environmental/sociopolitical focus may not explore client's intrapsychic experiences (innerself) -more empirical support is needed |
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What is the basic philosophies of post modern approaches?
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-multiple realities, truths
-reject the idea that reality is external and can be grasped -people create meaning in their lives through conversations with others -avoid pathologizing clients -take a dim view of diagnosis -avoid searching for underlying problems -place high value on discovering client's strengths and resources -focus is on creating solutions in th present and the future, not talking about problems |
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What are the key concepts for postmodern approaches?
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-tends to be brief and addresses the present and future
-person is not the problem, problem is the problem -empahsis on externalizing the problem, and finding exceptions to the problem -collaborative dialogue where client and therapist co-create solutions -by identifying instances when the problem did not exist, clients can create new meanings for themselves and fashion a new life story |
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What are the goals of post modern approach?
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-change the way clients view problems, and what they can do about these concerns
-collaboratively establish specific, clear, concrete, realistic, and observable goals leading to positive change -help clients create a self identity grounded on competence and resourcefulness so they can resolve present and future concerns -help view their lives in positive ways rather than being problem saturated |
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What is the therapeutic relationship with post modern approach?
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therapy is collaborative partnership
-clients viewed as experts in their own lives -therapists use questioning dialogue to help clients free themselves from their problem saturated stories, and create new life affirming stories -solution focused therapists assume an active role in guiding the client away from problem talk and toward solution talk -clients are encouraged to explore strengths and create solutions that will lead to a richer future -narrative therapists assist clients in externalizing problems and challenge self limiting stories and creating new and more liberating stories |
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What are the techniques of post modern approaches?
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change talk:
-emphasis on times in a client's life when the problem was not a problem -creative use of questioning -miracle question, -scaling question -assists clients in developing alternative stories -narrative therapy: -specific techniques include listening to a client's problem saturated story without getting stuck, externalizing and naming the problem, externalizing conversations, and discovering clues to competence -often write letters to clients and assist them in finding an audience that will support their changes and new stories |
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What are applications of the approaches of postmodern approaches?
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-solutions focused therapy is well suited for people with adjustment disorders, and for problems of anxiety and depression
Narrative therapy: -eating disorders, family distress, depression, relationship concerns used with: -children, adolescents, adults, couples, families, and the community -solution-focused and narrative approaches lend themselves to group counseling |
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What are limitations to postmodern approaches?
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-little empirical validation of the effectiveness of therapy outcomes
-overly positive perspective -practitioners may use these in a mechanical way or implement techniques without a sound rationale -must be skilled in implementing brief interventions -reliance on techniques may detract from building a therapeutic relationship -narrative therapists must be careful to apporach client's stories without imposing a preconceived notion of the client's experiences -some individuals, the therapist's not knowing stance may compromise the client's confidence in the therapist as an expert |
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What is the therapeutic process for cognitive counseling?
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-educational process
learn: -to identify the interplay of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors -to identify and dispute irrational beliefs that are maintained by self-indoctrination -to replace ineffective ways of thinking with effective and rational cognitions -to stop absolutistic thinking, blaming, and repeating false beliefs (try to be more flexible) |
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What is the cognitive view of human nature?
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-we are born with a potential for both rational and irrational thinking
-we have the biological and cultural tendency to think crookedly and to needlessly disturb ourselves -we learn and invent disturbing beliefs and keep ourselves disturbed through our self talk |
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What is REBT counseling?
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rational emotive behavioral therapy
form of cognitive therapy by ELLIS -both inherently rational and irrational, sensible and crazy -if we had a choice, wouldn't it make sense to be rational and sensible than irratioanl and crazy? -we make ourselves happy or unhappy -no one else does -we're the only ones who can do this and we do this with our styles of thinking -life is often unfair and unfortunate things do happen |
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Why do we develop irrational beliefs according to REBT?
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Nature:
-biological, genetic predisposition, temperament Nurture: -how our families socialize us to think irrationally -how we interpret the world -everyone occasionally uses irrational beliefs, but we differ in: -the frequency with which we use them -our willingness to challenge them -how aware we are of them ex: irrational thinking when stressed? -emotional provoking experience |
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What are some examples of irrational beliefs?
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-i must be loved by everyone or i am not lovable
-i must do everything well or i am incompetent -i must damn others if they do not treat me well -i must damn life if things do not go well |
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What are Ellis's view of the therapist role in goals?
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to change thought patterns
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What are Ellis's view of the therapist role in directive?
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openly acknowledge their expertise
-provide a fair amount of direction |
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What is Ellis's view of the therapist's role with empathy?
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must understand but NOT accept beliefs
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What is Ellis's view of the therapist's role with style?
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often very verbal and challenging even in the first sessions
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What is Ellis's view of the therapist's role in focus?
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thoughts, not events in present or past
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How are these goals in REBT met in therapy?
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1) educate about this philosophy
-show how other people believe too 2) heighten awareness of the consequence of their beliefs ex: on a scale of 1 to 100...how do you feel when... -awareness to see if its hurting/making you anxious 3) identify underlying themes and thought errors ABC(DE)-F analysis |
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What is the ABC(DE)-F analysis according to REBT?
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-Activating Event
-existence of a fact, an activating event, or the behavior or attitude of an individual -Beliefs -person's belief about A, causes C -Consequences(emotional reaction) -emotional and behavioral consequence or reaction of the individual (healthy or unhealthy) -Dispute the irrational beliefs -challenges the beliefs causes: -Effects of rational thinking(enjoy) -New feelings |
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What are the techniques of REBT?
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-stresses thinking, judging, deciding, analyzing, and doing
-assumes that cognitions, emotions, and behaviors interact and have a reciprocal cause-and-effect relationship -is highly didactic, very directive and concerned as much with thinking as with feeling -teaches that our emotions stem mainly from our beliefs, evaluations, interpretations, and reactions to life situations |
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What are irrational ideas?
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-lead to self defeating behavior
ex: -i must have love or approval from all the significant people in my life -i must perform important tasks competently and perfectly -if i don't get what i want, it's terrible, and i can't stand it |
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What is the basic theory of Beck's Cognitive therapy?
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-to understand the nature of an emotional episode or disturbance
-it is essential to focus on the cognitive content of an individual's reaction to the upsetting event or stream of thoughts |
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What are the goals of CT?
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to change the way clients think by:
-using their automatic thoughts to reach the core schemata -begin to introduce the idea of schema restructuring |
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What are the principles of CT?
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-automatic thoughts:
-personalized notions that are triggered by particular stimuli that lead to emotional responses -filtered through negative lenses |
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What is the focus of Beck's CT?
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Insight focused therapy
-self awareness about the way we think -emphasizes changing critical or negative automatic thoughts and maladaptive beliefs that can lead to emotional disorder ex: depression, anxiety relative to stress Theoretical Assumptions: -people's internal communication is accessible to introspection -clients' beliefs have highly personal meanings -these meanings can be discovered by the client rather than being taught or interpreted by the therapist |
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How did Beck's contributions to therapy modernize counseling?
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1) minimized exploration of childhood
-sees how it's made you think 2)moved toward exploration of daily issues 3) focused on common sense meanings of problems, rather than generating elaborate interpretations (like gestalt and freud) 4) moved away from symbolism and took clients' reports at face value 5) placed importance on clients' verbalization as being right until proven otherwise 6) placed primary importance on thinking, not unconscious motive or drives -when you can't blame others for the way you are it's scary -but when you can change how you think, its empowering |
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According to CT, what are the vulnerabilities in relation to personality structures?
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-fundamental beliefs about themselves and the world
-way we structure the world is called cognitive schemas--which is how we organize ourselves and the world |
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What are the goals of CT according to Beck?
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1) correct faulty info processing
-modify dysfunctional beliefs -assumptions that maintain maladaptive behaviors and emotions 2)get people to recognize their automatic thoughts with cognitive distortions -then evaluate their cognitive distortions -change their automatic thoughts to be more adaptive and less distorted -by focusing on automatic thoughts, you can eventually see a client's faulty underlying assumptions with which they are operating |
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What are initial goals of CT?
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1) identify AT and CD
2) have client reality test their CD by identifying evidence that is contrary to their beliefs and conclusions 3) get client to observe and to admit into their info processing in subsequent situations all relevant data in a situation, not just the data that is consistent with their dysfunctional beliefs |
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What are the middle goals of CT?
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4) help clients to learn about the influence of their faulty thinking on their feelings and their behavior
5) develop a more realistic appraisal of situations--clients learn to do their own reality testing 6) do various therapy tasks: -homework -gathering data on their assumptions -be their own scientists, keep records of their thoughts and activities -learn to form alternate interpretations about situations (check logic on things) |
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What are the final goals of CT?
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7) clients learn to substitute realistic and accurate interpretations for their biased cognitions
8) Clients learn to modify the dysfunctional beliefs and assumptions that predispose them to distort their experience |
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What are some thinking distortions according to beck?
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1) all or nothing thinking
2) overgeneralization 3) mental filter 4) disqualifying the positive 5) jumping to conclusion: a) mind reading b) fortune teller error (anticipating the outcome 6) magnifciation (catastrophizing) or minimization 7) emotional reasoning 8)should statements 9) labeling and mislabeling 10) personalization 11)self worth |
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What is depression in relation to the cognitive triad?
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-a result of negative thinking, devaluing oneself, and interpreting reality through that lens
-as a result, one holds a negative view of the future negative self concept--erroneous interpretation of events--negative future probability -these thoughts tend to be self fulfilling |
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How are Ellis and Beck different?
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REBT:
-direct questioning and persuasion -hierarchical stance -more theoretical CT: -emphasizes socratic method (questioning and answering) -more collaborative in nature -more research based nonetheless -while ellis and beck use different terms and interpersonal styles, their ideas are very similar |
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What is the focus of CBM (cognitive behavior modification) Meichenbaum?
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-client's self verbalizations or self-statements
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What is the premise of CBM?
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as a prerequisite to behavior change, clients must notice how they think, feel, behave, and what impact they have on others
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What are basic assumptions of CBM?
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-distressing emotions are typically the result of maladaptive thoughts
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What are Meichenbaum's CBM's self-instructional therapy focus?
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-trains clients to modify the instructions they give to themselves so that they can cope
-emphasis is on acquiring practical coping skills |
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What is CBM's cognitive structure?
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-the organizing aspect of thinking, which seems to monitor and direct the choice of thoughts
-the exectuive processor, which "holds the blueprints of thinking" that determine when to continue, interrupt, or change thinking |
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What are the 3 phases of behavior change in CBM?
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1) self observation
2) starting a new internal dialogue 3) learning new skills |
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What are coping skills program?
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stress inoculation training
1) the conceptual phase 2) skills acquisition and rehearsal phase 3) application and follow-through phase |
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What are limitations of Cognitive behavioral therapy?
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-extensive training is required to practice CBT because you have to teach someone how to apply these things
-therapist may misuse power by imposing their ideas of what constitutes "rational" thinking on a client -therapists must take special care to encourage clients to act rationally within the framework their own value system and cultural context -the strong confrontational style of Ellis' REBT may overwhelm some clients (not nurturing) -some clinicians think CBT interventions overlook the value of exploring client's past |
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What did Glasser believe? (reality counseling)
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-students in school were learning a "failure identity"
--lower scorers in 1st grade tended to stay that way -believed that these students do not tend to find socially acceptable outlets for the negative feelings associated with their poor performance |
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What are Glasser's schools?
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1) the classes set the rules( guided by the teacher) --guided group interaction
2) necessary precondition for learning is the social contract established by the class -responsibility is the primary issue between the individual and society (social context) -it's your responsibility to be a certain way -when part of developing rules, your behavior affects others |
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What are the reality therapy basic beliefs?
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-Symptoms are the result of choices we've made in our lives
-we can chose to think, feel and behave differently -emphasis is on personal responsibility -therapist's function is to keep therapy focused on the present -we often mistakenly choose misery in our best attempt to meet our needs -we act responsibly when we meet our needs without keeping others form meeting their needs ex: if you make a bad choice, that's why bad things are happening. it's a punishment -take care of ourselves without keeping others unable to complete their responsibilities |
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What are the basic needs in reality theory?
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all internally motivated behavior is geared toward meeting basic human needs/choice theory
born with 5 encoded needs: 1) survival physiological needs 2) love and belonging 3) power or achievment 4) freedom or independence 5) fun -our brain functions as a control system to get us what we want and monitors our feelings to see if we are achieving these needs |
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What does our quality world consist of for reality theory?
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-our quality world consists of our visions of specific people, activities, events, beliefs, and situations that will fulfill our needs
ex: youth will find either socially acceptable or socially unacceptable ways to get these needs met -don't impose on other people's needs |
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What is total behavior? reality theory
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our best attempt to satisfy our needs
Doing: -active behaviors Thinking: -thoughts, self statements Feelings: -anger, joy, pain, anxiety Physiology: -bodily reactions |
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What are the 3 R's in reality counseling?
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1) reality:
-this happens within a social context ex: social context of classroom 2)Responsibility: -for getting needs met within the "social contract" (without pissing other people off) 3)Right& Wrong thinking -making value judgments |
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What are the 8 steps in reality counseling?
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1)Counseling is personal (not just rational)
-the client needs to know you care 2)focus on behaviors, not feelings -feelings take us from personal responsibility -feelings never provide a reason for irresponsibility 3) Focus on present, not the past 4)Make value judgments -who might be helped by this decision and who might be hurt? 5)Make a plan -to meet needs in a responsible way 6)Elicit commitment -the client has to own it 7)No excuses 8)No punishment Key: it is the client's responsibility to get their needs met! -doing what is responsible makes us feel good |
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What are the procedures that lead to change?
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WDEP system
-applies reality counseling principles to individuals, groups and to organizations -central to the effective use of the system is the establishment of a fair, firm, and friendly atmosphere, climate, environment, or relationship |
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What is P in WDEP stand for?
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P: planning
-specific and attainable positive plans for improvement -SAMIC |
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What is W in WDEP?
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W: wants, needs, perceptions
-what do you want to be and do? -your picture album -what you're accountable for |
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What is D in WDEP?
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D: Doing and direction
-examining one's total behavior: -feelings, effective or ineffecctive self talk, and especially their actions -What are you doing? -Where do you want to go? |
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What is E in WDEP?
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E: Evaluation
-searching and even at tiems uncfomrtable self-evaluation -does your present behavior have a reasonable chance of getting you what you want? |
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What does WDEP stand for?
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W: wants needs and perception
D: doing and direction E: Evaluation P: Planning |
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What is SAMIC?
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Planning for change
S: simple A: Attainable M: Measurable I: Immediate and involved C: Controlled |
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What is S in SAMIC?
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easy to understand, specific and concrete
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What is A in SAMIC?
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Attainable
-within the capacities and motivation of the client |
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What is M in SAMIC?
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Measurable
-are the changes observable and helpful? |
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What is I in SAMIC?
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Immediate and Involved
-What can be done today? |
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What is C in SAMIC?
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Controlled
-Can you do this by yourself or will you be dependent on others? Can you do this on a continuous basis? |
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What are the application of reality therapy to group counseling?
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-group leaders and members jointly determine the goals and plans of action
-in group, members explore new courses of behavior that will bring them closer to getting what they want out of life -leaders challenge group members to evaluate for themselves if what they are currently doing is working for them -feedback from eladers and group members can help individuals design realistic and attainable plans -group setting encourages members to take an active stance in attaining change in their lives |
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What is feminist counseling?
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how environment conditions contributes to gender-role socialization and gender inequity, especially for women
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What is post modern counseling?
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there is no single truth; we produce our own lives
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What is family systems?
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the individual can only be understood within context of his or her family
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What is integrative approach?
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several theories play a crucial role
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What is the voice? feminist
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-a means by which something is expressed or communicated
-expressing in coherent verbal form "I gave voice to my feelings" |
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What are the key concepts of feminist therapy?
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-problems are viewed in a sociopolitical and cultural context
-acknowledging psychological oppression imposed through sociopolitical status of women and minorities -the client knows what is best for her life and is the expert on her own life -emphasis is on educating clients about he therapy process -traditional ways of assessing psychological health are challenged -it is assumed that individual change will best occur through social change -clients are encouraged to take social action ex: say more depressed but in a challenging situation, its a normal reaction to abnormal situation |
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What are the principles of feminist therapy?
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-the person is political (not childhood issues)
-personal and social identities are interdependent -commitment to social change -the counseling relationship is egalitarian (equal, no one expert) -women's and girl's experiences and ways of knowing are honored -definitions of distress and mental illness are reformulated -there is an integrated analysis of oppression |
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What are the goals of feminist therapy?
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-to affirm diversity and strive for social change and equality
-to encourage clients to act as advocates on their own behalf and on the behalf on others -to become aware of one's gender role socialization process -to identify internalized gender role messages and replace them with functional beliefs -to acquire skills to bring about change in the environment -to develop a wide range of behaviors that are freely chosen -to become personally empowered ex: until you see the ah-ha moment you can't react to it |
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What is empowerment in feminist therapy?
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-she is in charge of the direction, length and procedures of therapy
-explains procedures of therapy, demystify expectations |
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What is bibiliotherapy? feminist
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-reading upon other books on common issues in women's lives (incest, rape, battering, sexual harassment)
-may challenge a women's tendency to blame herself for these problems ex: coping skills, gender role stereotypes, power differential between men and women, gender inequality |
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What is self disclosure in feminist therapy?
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-to help equalize the therapeutic relationship and provide modeling for the client
-values, beliefs about society, and therapeutic interventions discussed -allows the client to make an informed choice |
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What is assertiveness training?
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-women become aware of their interpersonal rights
-transcends stereotypical sex roles -changes negative beliefs -implement changes in their daily lives |
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What is reframing in feminist theory?
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-changes the frame of reference for looking at an individual's behavior
-shifting from an intrapersonal to an interpersonal definition of the clients problems |
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What is relabeling in feminist theory?
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-changes the label or evaluation applied to the client's behavioral characteristics
-generally the focus is shifted form a negative to a positive evaluation |
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What is social action in feminist theory?
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-encourages clients to embrace social activism
-develops client's thorough understanding of feminism by building a link between their experiences and the sociopolitical context they live in |
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What is the application of feminist therapy to group work?
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-group provides an outlet for social support and political action
-forms a diverse community where members share the goal of supporting women's experiences -group setting decreases feelings of isolation and loneliness -self-disclosure is emphasized for both the leader and members as a means of self exploration -provides a setting where clients learn to use power appropriately by providing support for each other and taking social/political actions |
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What is the diversity in feminist approaches?
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-post modern feminist provide a model for critiquing both traditional and feminist approaches
-women of color feminists assert that it is essential that feminist theory be broadened and be made more inclusive -lesbian feminists call for inclusion of an analysis of multiple identities and their relationship to oppression -global/international feminists take a worldwide perspective in examining women's experiences across national boundaries |
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What is relativism in post modern counseling?
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secular nonbelievers
-lack of moral grounding, conviction, an overly "permissive" attitude that makes excuses for criminals and other types of wrong doers |
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What is Constructivist Narrative Perspective? (CNP)
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-focuses on the stories people tell about themselves and others about significant events in their lives
-therapist task: -help clients appreciate how they construct their realities and how they author their own stories |
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What is social constructionism?
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-the client, not the therapist, is the expert
-dialogue is used to elicit perspective, resources, and unique client experiences -questions empower clients to speak and to express their diverse positions -the therapist supplies optimism and the process |
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What is the social constructionism therapy goals?
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-generate new meaning in the lives of clients
-co-develop, with the client, solutions that are unique to the situation -enhance awareness of the impact of various aspects of the dominant culture on the individual |
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What are the key concepts of social constructionism?
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-postmodernists assume there are multiple truths
-reality is subjective and is based on the use of language -postmodernists strive for a collaborative and consultative stance -postmodern thought has an impact on the development of many theories |
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What are the key concepts of solution-focused brief therapy?
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-therapy grounded on a positive orientation--people are healthy and competent
-past is downplayed, while present and future are highlighted -therapy is concerned with looking for what is working -therapists assist clients in finding expectations to their problems -there is a shift from problem-orientation to solution focus -emphasis is on constructing solutions rather than problem solving -less directed, client comes up when he or she was strong ex: stan asked girl out, challenge stan and say there are exceptions to his stories |
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What are basic assumptions of solution focused therapy?
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-the problem itself may not be relevant to finding effective solutions
-people can create their own solutions -small changes lead to large changes -the client is the expert on his or her own life -the best therapy involves a collaborative partnership -therapists not knowing afford the client an opportunity to construct a solution |
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What are questions in solution focused brief therapy?
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-skillful questions allow people to utilize their resources
-asking "how questions" that imply change can be useful -effective questions focus attention on solutions -questions can get clients to notice when things were better -useful questions assist people in paying attention to what they are doing -questions can open up possibilities for clients to do something different |
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What are three kinds of relationships in solution focused therapy?
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Customer type:
-client and therapist jointly identify a problem and a solution to work toward Complainant relationship: -client who describes a problem, but not able or willing to take an active role in constructing a solution Visitors: -clients who come to therapy because someone else thinks they have a problem |
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What are techniques used in solution focused brief therapy?
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-pre-therapy change
-exception questions -miracle questions -scaling questions |
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What is pre-therapy change in solution focused brief therapy?
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-what have you done since you made the appointment that has made a difference in your problem?
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What is exception questions in solution focused brief therapy?
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direct clients to times in their lives when the problem did not exist
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What is miracle question in solution focused brief therapy?
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if a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved while you were asleep, what would be different in your life?
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What is scaling questions in solution focused brief therapy?
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on a scale of 0 to 10, where 0 is the worst you have been and 10 represents the problem being solved, where are you with respect to _____?
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What are the key concepts of narrative therapy?
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-listen to clients with an open mind
-encourage clients to share their stories -listen to problem saturated story of a client without getting stuck -therapists demonstrate respectful curiosity and persistence |
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What is the therapeutic process in narrative therapy?
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-collaborate with the client in identifying (naming) the problem
-separate the person from his or her problem -investigate how the problem has been disrupting or dominating the person -search for exceptions to the problem -ask clients to speculate about what kind of future they could expect from the competent person that is emerging -create an audience to support the new story |
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What are the functions of the narrative therapist?
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-to become active facilitators
-to demonstrate care, interest, respectful curiosity, openness, empathy, contact, and fascination -to believe in the client's abilities, talents, and positive intentions -to adopt a not knowing position that allows being guided by the client's story |
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What is the role of questions in narrative therapy?
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-questions are used as a way to generate experience rather than to gather information
-questions are always asked from a position of respect, curiosity, and openness -therapists ask questions from a not knowing stance |
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What is externalization?
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-living life means relating to problems, not being fused with them
-externalization is a process of separating the person from identifying with the problem -externalizing conversations help people in freeing themselves from being identified with the problem -externalizing conversations can lead clients in recognizing times when they have dealt successfully with the problem |
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What is deconstruction and creating alternative stories in narrative therapy?
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-problem saturated stories are deconstructed (taken apart) before new stories are co created
-the assumption is that people can continually and actively reauthor their lives -unique possibility questions enable clients to focus on their future -an appreciative audience helps new stories to take root |
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What is the application of narrative therapy to group counseling?
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-narrative therapy has been used for group work in school settings
-group work provides an appreciative audience with which a client can discuss the new developments of his or her life -new identities can be rehearsed in the group setting -wide range of uses for group-based narrative therapy in schools including: -anger management -grief counseling -academic management -an adventure based program |
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What is individuals in family systems perspective?
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are best understood through assessing the interactions within an entire family
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What are symptoms in family systems perspectives?
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are viewed as an expression of a dysfunction within a family
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What are the problematic behaviors in family systems perspectives?
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-serve a purpose for the family
-are a function of the family's inability to operate productively -are symptomatic patterns handed down across generations |
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What is a family in family systems perspective?
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interactional unit and a change in one member affects all members
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What is adlerian family therapy?
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-adlerians use an educational model to counsel families
-emphasis is on family atmosphere and family constellation -therapists function as collaborators who seek to join the family -parent interviews yield hunches about the purposes underlying children's misbehavior |
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What are the Adlerian family therapy treatment goals?
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-unlock mistaken goals and interactional patterns
-engage parents in a leranign experience and a collaborative assessment -emphasis is on the family's motivational patterns -main aim is to initiate a reorientation of the family |
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What is multigenerational family therapy?
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-the application of rational thinking to emotinally saturated systems
-well articulated theory is considered to be essential -with the proper knowledge the individual can change -change occurs only with other family members -differentiation of the self -a psychological separation from others -triangulation -a third party is recruited to reduce anxiety and stabilize a couples' relationship |
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What is multigenerational family therapy treatment goals?
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-to change the individuals within the context of the system
-to end generation to generation transmission of problems by resolving emotional attachments -to lessen anxiety and relieve symptoms -to increase the individual member's level of differentiation |
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What is the human validation process model?
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-enhancement and validation of self-esteem
-family rules -congruence and openness in communications -sculpting -nurturing triads -family mapping and chronologies |
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What is open communications in human validation process model therapy goals?
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-individuals are allowed to honestly report their perceptions
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What is enhancement of self-esteem in human validation process model therapy goals?
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-family decisions are based on individual needs
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What is encouragement of growth in human validation process model therapy goals?
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-differences are acknowledged and seen as opportunities for growth
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What is experiential family therapy?
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-freewheeling, intuitive, sometimes outrageous approach aiming to:
-unmask pretense, create new meaning, and liberate family members to be themselves -techniques are secondary to the therapeutic relationship -pragmatic and atheoretical -interventions create turmoil and intensify what is going on here and now in the family |
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What is the goals of experiential family therapy?
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-facilitate individual autonomy and a sense of belonging in the family
-help individuals achieve more intimacy by increasing their awareness and their experiencing -encourage members to be themselves by freely expressing what they are thinking and feeling -support spontaneity, creativity, the ability to play, and the willingness to be crazy |
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What is structural family therapy?
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-focus is on family interactions to understand the structure or organization of the family
-symptoms are a byproduct of structural failings -structural changes must occur in a family before an individual's symptoms can be reduced -techniques are active, directive, and well thought out |
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What is the treatment goals of structurally family therapy?
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-reduce symptoms of dysfunction
-bring about structural change by: -modifying the family's transactional rules -developing more appropriate boundaries -creation of an effective hierarchical structure -it is assumed that faulty family structures have: -boundaries that are rigid or diffuse -subsystems that have inappropriate tasks and functions |
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What is strategic family therapy?
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-focuses on solving problems in the present
-presenting problems are accepted as real and not a symptom of system dysfunction -therapy is brief, process-focused, and solution oriented |
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What are the goals of strategic family therapy?
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-resolve presenting problems by focusing on behavioral sequences
-get people to behave differently -shift the family organization so that the presenting problem is no longer functional -move the family toward the appropriate stage of family development -problems often arise during the transition from one developmental stage to the next |
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What is LENSES?
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-internal family
-telelogical -sequences -organiation -developmental -multicultural -gender -process |
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What is internal family systems?
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-what does each family member bring to the session?
-how does each person describe who he or she is? -at times the various parts of an individual are polarized. Which parts cause internal conflicts for each member of the family? -are certain parts of the family members being ignored? |
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What are telelogical lens?
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-what are the feelings and behaviors of various family members revealing about the situation?
-what purpose is being served when the children interact with their parents in the way they do? -what are the goals of each family member? What goals does each family member have for the other people in the family? |
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What is the sequences lens?
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-what routines support the daily living of each member of the family?
-who makes decisions? how are conflicts resolved or problems handled? -what parts are involved in the most common sequences in the family? -what is a typical day like? -what processes, patterns, or sequences characterize current or past transitions for the family? |
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What is the organizational lens?
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Are the parents effective leaders of the family?
How do the children respond to parental leadership? Does it lead to harmony or conflict? Does the family need further education about effective leadership or are there internal parts that constrain such leadership? |
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What are developmental lens?
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Where is each person in the family in relation to personal biological, cognitive, emotional, and social development?
Where is the family in the family life cycle, and how are they handling transitions? What relational processes have developed over time, and how have they changed or developed through transitional periods? What developments in larger systems (especially society or the world) are affecting the family? |
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What are multicultural lens?
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What cultures are in the family backgrounds of each of the family members?
In what culture or region is the family currently living? Is immigration or migration a recent family experience? How do economics, education, ethnicity, religion, race, regional background, gender and age affect family processes? How is the fit between the therapist and the family with regard to economics, education, ethnicity, religion, gender, age, race, majority/minority status, and regional background? |
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What is the gender lens?
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What role is each member of the family assuming?
What effects have patriarchy had on this family and its members? Where are family members in terms of gender development: traditional, gender-aware, polarized, transitional, or balanced? What ideas in relation to gender need to be affirmed or challenged? What effect would role reversals have on the personal parts and relational activities of the family members? What is the impact of the community's beliefs about men and women on the members of this family? |
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What is the process lens?
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Are there family members who lack a clear sense of purpose, function out of awareness, have poor contact with others, or lack experiences to support a productive life?
Where is the family in the process of change? What resources (internal or external) need to be accessed? What am i, as the therapist, experiencing, and what does it tell me about the relationship and process of therapy? Which communication patterns do family members use under stress? |
