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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biological model
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Process in CNS has gotten messed up = cause for mental illness.
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Psychodynamic model
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Intrapsychic conflict = cause for mental illness (specific phobia resulted from displacing an intrapsychic conflict onto an external object that can be avoided)
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Learning model
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Mental illness caused by association
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Cognitive model
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Maladaptive thoughts and beliefs = cause for mental illness
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Humanistic model
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Overreliance on appraisals of others compared to one's own self-view = cause for mental illness
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Biopsychosocial model
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Most common understanding of the development of mental disorders based on this, combo of bio / psycho / social
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Diathesis-stress model
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Diathesis = underlying vulnerability / predisposition to develop a disorder + environmental stressors = cause for mental illness
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What is abnormal behavior? Three things
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Lack of conformity to norms, subjective distress, disability
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Very low IQ scores are considered...
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abnormal
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What is subjective distress?
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Psychological pain or adjustment difficulties that could be the cause of mental illness
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What does the disability / dysfunction theory say about abnormal developments of mental illness?
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That it must create some degree of social or occupational problems for the individual.
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Benefits of using the DSM for diagnosis
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Facilitates communication, enables research to be used, indicates possible causes / prognosis / comorbidities / guides treatment, insurance benefits
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Disadvantages of using the DSM for diagnosis
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Pill of technique can guide treatment, labeling, certain diagnosis receive greater insurance reimbursement
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An example of a stigma (any attribute that causes a person to be labeled as unacceptably different from "normal" people)
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"He is schizophrenic." Non-stigma: "He is a person with schizophrenia."
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Categorical diagnosis
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Based on whether symptoms are present or absent, medical model
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Dimensional diagnosis
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The degree or extent to which traits are shown
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What is bias in diagnosis?
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When clinicians apply a diagnosis more or less frequently to a particular group, even when the symptoms are exactly the same
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What can affect a bias in diagnosis?
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A skewed sex ratio (some disorders occur more frequently in males or females)
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What is reliability
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Consistency of an assessment.
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What is validity?
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How accurate the findings are
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Open-ended interview questions
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Gives the patient latitude in responding, serves as the starting point for clarifying later, "Would you tell me about your experience in the army?"
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Facilitative questions
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Encourages the flow of information, "Can you tell me a little more about that?"
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Clarifying questions
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Ensures accuracy, highlights certain information. "So, what you're saying is that you felt..."
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Confronting questions
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Challenges contradictory information, "Before you said ___, but now you are saying ____."
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Direct questions
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Get at specifics, "What did you say when your father criticized you?"
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Unstructured interviews
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Clinician chooses which questions to ask and guides the flow of the interview (done in clinical settings)
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Structured interview
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Specific questions are asked in a specific order (often used for diagnostic interviews, increased inter-rater reliability)
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Semi-structured interviews
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Combo of structured and unstructed
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Diagnostic interviews
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Purpose is to arrive at a diagnostic formulation of the client's problems, usually uses DSM axes. can be structured or unstructured.
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Intake / admission interview
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Why patient has come to hospital / clinic, how clinic / hospital can meet patients needs, provide patient with logistical info
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Case history
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Gathers a broad range of background info about the client
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Mental status exam
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Gives a snapshot of the patient's current cognitive , emotional, and behavioral status. Whether someone needs immediate intervention or if there is neurological dysfunction present
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Crisis interview
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Conducted by phone crisis hotline counselors to meet problems as they occur or provide immediate resources / deflect potential for disaster.
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How did intelligence testing develop?
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As a means to detect individual differences for schools or the military as an alternative to favoritism based on merit (called nepotism)
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Three major themes of intelligence?
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Adaptability (to an environment), educability (ability to learn), and abstract reasoning
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Spearman's Theory of Intelligence
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Intelligence is a broad, generalized construct. Believed there were both general and specific abilities shown in either all or certain IQ tests
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Thurstone's Theory of Intelligence
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No general intelligence ability shown in IQ tests, instead 7 separate mental abilities
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Cattell's Theory of Intelligence
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Two types of generalized intelligence: crystallized (learned knowledge acquired from culture-based learning like facts, vocab, things learned in school) and fluid (innate reasoning capacity)
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Guilford's Taxonomy
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120 intellectual abilities based on 3 dimensions (operations, content, and products)
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Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
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8 different types of intelligence (linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal)
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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Three forms of intelligence: componential (analytic thinking, experimental (creative), and contextual (practical thinking)
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Clinical uses of IQ testing
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Brain injury (pre / post tests), estimates of ability, needed for certain diagnosis, used to assess cognitive strengths / weaknesses
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What is the difference between an objective and projective personality test?
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Objective (MMPI, Beck) is a questionnaire, survey, or self-report. Projective (Rorschach, TAT) is used to interpret ambiguous / unstructured stimuli to distinguish something about a personality
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Advantages and disadvantages of objective tests
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Advantages: cheap and easy to administer and score, reliable. Disadvantages: transparency of items can lead to response biases, requires a certain reading and comprehension level
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How are objective tests made?
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Using empirical criterion keying: questions are administered to different psychiatric populations and normal controls, questions found to differentiate between the groups are used in tests and the patient's responses are analyzed to see which group they fit into
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Factor analysis is used for which type of test?
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Objective tests, test items are analyzed for inter-correlations
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Why use an objective test?
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It allows for the participant to be honest and does not allow for any rater bias
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What is the MMPI?
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory; objective measure of personality designed to identify psychiatric diagnoses of individuals. Statistically analyzed responses
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What is the NEO-PI-R
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Based on the Big 5 Theory of Personality, purpose is to describe "normal" personality traits although it has also been used to assess personality disorders. Factor analyzed questions constructed using theories.
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Do projective tests assess personality variables directly or indirectly?
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Indirectly, the participant is unaware of the significance of their response
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True or false, projective tests are valid and reliable?
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False; they are considered more of an "art of interpreting" rather than a science
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The Rorschach
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Initially developed based on Freudian theory of projection (defense mechanism thatt involves displacing one's inner conflicts onto another -- in this case a figure). Exner's scoring system is most commonly used but many clinicians do not formally score it and instead just use it to obtain clinical impressions of the patient
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How the Rorschach is administered...
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10 cards, five black and white, five color. Examinee asked to describe what they see, examiner writes down responses. Examiner then goes back and asks the examinee why they responded the way they did for each card.
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Is the Rorschach reliable / valid?
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It is considered more reliable when it's scored using a legitimate scoring system such as Exner. It is not considered valid for anything other than assessing some psychological disturbances
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What are patients asked to do for TAT?
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Thematic Apperception Test, examinee asked to describe picture scenes about who people are, what they are thinking / feeling, what led up to the scene and what will happen afterwards
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What does the TAT reveal?
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It reveals information about a person's psychological needs, nature of their problems, and quality of interpersonal relationships
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How is the TAT scored?
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Examiner looks for themes and patterns across the examinees responses.
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What are sentence completion techniques and what do they show?
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An objective / projective method of testing in which the examinee is presented with a number of sentences describing situations, thoughts, and feelings and are asked to fill in the blank. Examiner grades them on a 7-point scale to indicate adjustment or maladjustment.
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What is the purpose of a behavioral assessment?
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To describe behavior and operant conditions through direct observation or ongoing progress monitoring, and then monitor, evaluate, and revise treatment
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What is the purpose of a traditional assessment?
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To diagnose and predict mental states through indirect testing (scales, tests) or pre-post treatment for diagnosis
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The three units of analysis?
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Frequency, duration, and intensity
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What are the ABC's of functional assessment?
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Antecedent, behavior and consequence
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What are the two parts of consequence (ABC)?
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Reinforcers and punishers (making the behavior more or less likely to occur)
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ABC data must be carefully defined in what way?
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Must be observable and measurable
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Example of functional assessment using ABC? What is the function and the intervention?
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Antecedent: In a classroom, the teacher is writing on a board. Behavior: Billy throws his pencil at the teacher. Consequence: The teacher turns around and chastis Billy. Function: access to attention. Intervention: Train teacher to only give Billy attention when he is behaving properly
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How do you conduct a functional assessment?
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1. Collect data (interview, observation), 2. Analyze data according to the ABC's (what is the function of behavior?) 3. Select and implement treatment based on the function of the behavior 4. Monitor and alter treatment as needed
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What type of information is collected in a behavioral interview?
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Illicit information from the client about the nature of the problem, duration, past attempts at intervention, relevant history.
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What is the Sick-Sick Fallacy?
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The tendency to perceive people very unlike ourselves as being sick or having a disorder
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What is the Me-Too Fallacy?
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Denying diagnostic significance of events because you have had the same things happen to yourself
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Uncle George's Pancakes Fallacy?
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Denying the diagnostic significance of behaviors because you do the same thing
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Multiple Napoleons Fallacy?
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Taking the position that symptoms should not be considered pathological because the patient does not experience them as being bad or false
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Understanding It Makes It Normal Fallacy?
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Justifying a person's symptoms as being normal because you understand why they developed?
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What is the Barnum Effect?
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Using vague words to imply a specific meaning for one person when it actually applies to many people
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Forensic psychologists work in which settings?
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With law enforcement, in correctional facilities, in the court system
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What do community psychologists do?
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Actively go out into an area and look for people who need help, therefore identifying and helping those who would otherwise not go to a clinic. Focus is on prevention for a group of people. They offer consultation and supervision.
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What are the rings of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory?
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From center outwards: Microsystem (center - direct influences), Mesosystem (interactions between Micro and Exo system), Exosystem (less direct influences like the media, laws), Macrosystem (indirect influences like attitudes and values of the culture), and Chronosystem (outermost ring - time)
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Caplan's 3-tiered model of prevention?
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Bottom: primary prevention, middle: secondary, top: tertiary
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What is primary prevention?
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Directly reduces rates of new cases of illness from occurring (prenatal care)
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What is secondary prevention?
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Early identification of problems to offset the course of an illness (screenings)
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What is tertiary prevention?
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Reduce the negative effects and duration of an illness once it's occurred
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What do health psychologists do?
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Provide mental health care in a managed health care system
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What is the protection motivation theory?
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Behavior in response to stress is a function of threat appraisal (perceived vulnerability and potential for harm) and coping appraisal (an evaluation of one's ability to avoid or cope with negative outcomes).
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Treatment in health psych: behavior methods
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Exposure / systematic desensitization: used to treat medical phobias, visualization and relaxation techniques used to distract patient from painful treatments. Contingency management: positive reinforcement to promote health behaviors
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Treatment in health psych: cognitive behavioral methods
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Psychoeducation used to provide people with better understanding about their medical condition to counteract anxiety about procedures. Modeling and rehearsal used too. Cognitive restructuring used to change people's thinking about their medical condition. Self-talk used to coach yourself through situation.
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Treatment in health psych: biofeedback
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Patients learn to modify or control their physiological processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, or brain waves to implement the technique when stressed
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Neuropsychology is best defined as...
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the study of brain-behavior relationships
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In the 19th century, physicians became interested in brain _______; in the 20th century they became interested with ______; now we believe in the ______ model
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localization (phrenology); equipotentiality (cortex functions as a whole, not as units); functional (brain composed of various functional systems)
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The purpose of a neuropsychological assessment is to
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provide information about the functional limitations / abilities as a result of brain injury
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Internalizing disorders in children
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anxiety disorders (selective mutism, phobias, GAD, depression)
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externalizing disorders in children
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ADHD, disruptive behavior disorders (oppositional defiant, conduct)
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Types of interventions used with children
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Systemic interventions (parent training, teacher consultations, family therapy), play therapy, behavior therapy, cognitive behavior therapy (direct instruction and practice of new skills),
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______ is a legal term that relates to the issue of responsibility in committing crimes
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insanity
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Child Custody Determination
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The best interest of the child take precedence in custody disputes. Psychologists consider: the child's development and psychological needs, parents strengths / weaknesses, the way each family member interacts with the others
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Psychologists are called upon by the court to offer _______ of ________
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predictions of dangerousness, which affects sentencing
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what is malingering?
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faking bad
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