Clinical Chemistry Test 2: Lipids

Front 1

What is the name of the polar component of a lipid?

Back 1

Glycerol backbone

Front 2

What is the name of the head groups of lipids?

Back 2

Hydrophobic fatty acid tails

Front 3

What are the structural functions of lipids?

Back 3

Membrane components
Cell integrity
Organelles
Insulation (heat/nervous impulses)

Front 4

What are the two lipid energy sources found in the body?

Back 4

Tryglycerides
Fatty acids

Front 5

What is the term for a water-insoluble hydrocarbon with a carboxylic acid group, an even number of carbon atoms that can be condensed with hydroxyl groups?

Back 5

Fatty acids

Front 6

What can most fatty acids be synthesized from?

Back 6

Acetyl CoA

Front 7

What is the difference between saturated, monounsaturated, and polunsaturated fatty acids?

Back 7

The number of double bonds (unsaturation points)

Front 8

True or false: Humans have the ability to make omega-fatty acids.

Back 8

False; we need both Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids in our diet.

Front 9

What is a prominent source of Omega-6 fatty acids?

Back 9

Seeds

Front 10

What is a prominent source of Omega-3 fatty acids?

Back 10

Fish

Front 11

What type of enzymes make prostaglandins?

Back 11

COX enzymes

Front 12

What responses within the cell do the prostaglandins mediate?

Back 12

Inflammatory responses

Front 13

Name two common COX enzyme inhibitors

Back 13

Aspirin, Ibeuprofin

Front 14

What is the site of triglyceride digestion?

Back 14

Small intestine

Front 15

What is the primary enzyme that breaks down triglycerides?

Back 15

Pancreatic lipase

Front 16

After absorption, the triglycerides are resynthesized in the intestinal epithelium and combined with cholesterol and apolipoprotein B-48 to form _______________.

Back 16

Chylomicrons

Front 17

True or false:
Cholesterol is...
-Saturated?
-An alcohol?
-Soluble in water?
-Has a 4 ring structure?
-In cell membranes?
-Highly calorie dense?

Back 17

Saturated: False, unsaturated
Alcohol: True
Soluble in water: False, insoluble
4 Rings: True
Cell membrane component: True
Calorie dense: False, cannot be metabolized

Front 18

What common molecule is a precursor for steroid hormones?

Back 18

Cholesterol

Front 19

Bile acids synthesized in the liver are derived from ___________.

Back 19

Cholesterol

Front 20

Adrenal hormones, aldosterone, cortisol, and Vitamin D are all made from what basic precursor?

Back 20

Cholesterol

Front 21

True or false: 85% of cholesterol is dietary.

Back 21

False: 85% is made in the body, 15% is dietary

Front 22

Where is exogenous cholesterol vs. endogenous cholesterol from?

Back 22

Exogenous= food
Endogenous= from genetics

Front 23

What lipid class is responsible for 95% of fat stored in tissue?

Back 23

Triglycerides

Front 24

Free fatty acids bind to albumin in the blood.
Triglycerides form micelles in the blood.
Cholesterol has transport proteins to move through the blood...

Why?

Back 24

Fats are insoluble in the blood

Front 25

True or false: Most intestinal cholesterol is present in the esterified form.

Back 25

False; unesterified in intestines

Front 26

What is the primary lipoprotein involved in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway?

Back 26

HDL

Front 27

The larger the lipoprotein, the ___________ the density is.

Back 27

Lower

Front 28

Name the lipoproteins in size order from largest/least dense to smallest/most dense.

Back 28

Chylomicrons
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL)
High density lipoproteins (HDL)

Front 29

How much fat does the average person get from their diet per day?

Back 29

60-130 g of fat per day

Front 30

What is the major function of bile salts and pancreatic lipase?

Back 30

Solubilizing fats

Front 31

What is the presence of excess fats in the stool called?

Back 31

Steatorrhea

Front 32

What causes steatorrhea?

Back 32

Deficiency of bile salts leading to fat malabsorbtion

Front 33

Which type of lipoprotein should not be seen in a fasting specimen due to it being cleared approximately 6 hours after a meal?

Back 33

Chylomicrons

Front 34

What kind of lipoprotein is the major carrier of endogenous triglycerides?

Back 34

VLDL

Front 35

Where are VLDLs secreted?

Back 35

liver

Front 36

How are LDLs formed?

Back 36

Breakdown of VLDLs

Front 37

What is a macrophage that has taken in too many LDLs called?

Back 37

Foam cells

Front 38

What lipoprotein carries 60-70% of all plasma cholesterol?

Back 38

LDL

Front 39

What are the two types of HDL and why are they different?

Back 39

Discoidal: active in removing cholesterol from peripheral cells
Spherical: major type in plasma

Front 40

Which lipoprotein contains peroxidases to prevent lipid oxidation/destruction?

Back 40

HDL

Front 41

Lipoprotein A is most similar to which class of lipoprotein?

Back 41

LDL

Front 42

What system does Lipoprotein A most effect when it is in excess?

Back 42

Cardiovascular (keeps clots from being broken down)

Front 43

Name the function of each lipase:

Pancreatic Lipase (LPS)
Hepatic Triglyceride Lipase (HTGL)
Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
Hormone sensitive Lipase (HSL)

Back 43

LPS: Digestion of triglycerides
HTGL: digestion of triglycerides + phospholipids
LPL: Removal of triglycerides from chylomicrons
HSL: Release of triglycerides for energy

Front 44

Name the function of each transport protein:

Acyl CoA Cholesterol Acyltransferase (ACAT)
Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase (LCAT)
Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP)
Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein (MTP)
ATP-Binding Casette family (ABC)

Back 44

ACAT: Esterification of cholesterol for packaging into VLDL/macrophages
LCAT: Transfer fatty acids from phospholipids to cholesterol in HDL
CETP: Swaps cholesterol in HDL for triglycerides in VLDL
MTP: Parcels cholesterol esters into chylomicrons
ABC: Secretes cholesterol esters from cells to HDL

Front 45

Which lipoprotein has the lowest ration of lipid to protein?

Back 45

HDL

Front 46

The exogenous pathway involves primarily which lipoprotein?

Back 46

Chylomicrons

Front 47

Which is the "good" lipoprotein class?

Back 47

HDL

Front 48

Which lipoprotein class contains almost exclusively Apo B-100?

Back 48

LDL

Front 49

Which lipoprotein class is the transporter of endogenous triglycerides from liver to muscle and adipose cells?

Back 49

VLDL