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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name 5 items that need to be included when labeling a sample:
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1. Date
2. Time of collection 3. Owner Name 4. Patient Name 5. Patient's Clinic ID# |
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Define:
Plasma |
Fluid portin of whole blood. (90% water & 10% dissolved constituents)
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Define:
Serum |
Serum is plasma from which the fibrinogen has been removed.
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Why cant serum be used to test fibrinogen levels?
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Because the fibrinogen has been removed.
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What do Plasma Protein Assays commonly include?
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1. Total Protein
2. Albumin 3. Fibrinogen |
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Name 4 functions of Plasma Proteins:
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1. Maintaining Osmotic Pressure
2. Acting as Buffers in acid-base balance 3. Serving as Hormones 4. Functioning in Blood Coagulation |
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What is a fast, inexpensive, and accurate way to obtain Totla Plasma Protein levels?
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Refractometric Method-measures the refractive index of serum or plasma with a refractometer.
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Albumin
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-One of the most important proteins in plasma or serum.
-Albumin is the major binding and transport protein in the blood. -Heptaocytes (liver cells) synthesize albumin -3 things that influence plasma albumin levels: Renal disease, Dietary intake, Intestinal protein absorption |
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What are the 3 types of Globulins?
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1. Alpha Globulins
2. Beta Globulins 3. Gamma Globulins (immunoglobulins) |
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2 Methods to determine TP:
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1. Refractometric Method: measures the refractive index of serum or plasma w/ a refractometer.
2. Biuret Photometric Method: measures the number of molecules containing more than 3 peptide bonds in serum or plasma. |
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Define:
Cholestasis |
Bile duct obstruction
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Define:
Isoenzyme |
A group of enzymes with similar catalytic activities but different physical properties. (present in: cells with hepatobiliary system, osteoblasts in bone, chondroblasts in cartilage)
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Bile Acids
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**only 5-10% are lost in feces and need to be replaced.
-Made from cholesterol in liver cells. -Stored in the gall bladder until moved to the duodenum. -Aid in fat digestion -Liver removes 75-90% of bile acids. |
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Which enzyme is a metabolite of the heme portion of hemoglobin and is considered a waste product?
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Bilirubin
-carried to the liver bound to albumin -insoluble in water until taken to the liver and conjugating w/ sugars -must be carried to intestines by bile to be eliminated. -conjugated & unconjugated bilirubin found in plasma. -Sensitive to light. |
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Albumin
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-Hypoalbuminemia is NOT noted until 60-*0% of hepatic function is lost.
-Common in dogs w/ chronic liver disease (60% will have hypoalbuminemia) |
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List the 3 primary Pancreatic Enzymes:
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1. Trypsin
2. Amylase 3. Lipase |
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Trypsin
(pancreatic enzyme) |
-Proteolytic enzyme
**More readily found in in feces than in blood -absence from feces is normal -Use fresh feces for both tests: 1. Test tube method utilizing Knox gelatin (protein) 2. X-Ray film test |
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Amylase
(pancreatic enzyme) |
-Primary source: Pancreas (also produced in the salivary glands & small intestine)
-Incresed levels appear with: acute pancreatis, flare-ups of chronic pancreatitis, obstruction of pancreatic ducts |
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2 Amylase Test Methods available:
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1. Saccharogenic Method: measures production of reducing sugars as amylase catalyzes the breakdown of starch. (NOT recommended for Canine samples)
2. Amyloclastic Method: measures the disappearance of starch. |
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Lipase
(pancreatic enzyme) |
-Primary source: Pancreas
-Functions: to break down long-chain fatty acids of lipids -Increases during episodes of pancreatitis (more sensitive than amylase) Avoid hemolyzed & lipemic samples. *Immuno-Reactivity Test: Snap Canine Pancreatic Lipase Test (cPL) |
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Fructosamine
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-Increased fructosamine indicates persistant hyperglycemia
-Provides an indication of average serum glucose over approximately a 1-2 week period. |
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What endocrine system assay is used to differentiate hyperadrenocorticism as pituitary vs. adrenal origin?
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Dexamethasone Suppression
-Used to evaluate the adrenal glands -Confirms or replaces the ACTH response testfor hyperadrenocroticism (Cushing's Disease). -Differentiates pituitary from adrenal origin. *In cats only the High-Dose Dex test is suitable. |
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Define:
Electrolyte |
Negative ions and positive ions of elements found in fluids of all organisms.
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Electrolyte Functions:
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-Maintains water balance
-Fluid osmotic pressure -Normal muscular & nervous functions -Maintenance $ activation of several enzyme systems -Acid-base regulation |
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Most commonly analyzed Electrolytes:
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-Calcium
-Inorganic Phosphorus -Potassium -Sodium -Chloride -Magnesium |
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Calcium
(common electrolytes) |
-99% found in bones
-1% has major functions in the body (maintenance of neuromuscular excitability and tone, maintenance of enzyme activity & inorganic ion transfer across cell membranes, facilitates blood coagulation) -Found in plasma/serum -Hypercalcemia: elevated blood calcium -Hypocalcemia: decresed blood calcium |
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Inorganic Phosphorus
(common electrolytes) |
-80% found in the bones
-The other 20% functions in: energy source release & transfer, carbohydrate metabolism -Found in RBC's as organic phosphorus -Composed of: Nucleic Acids & Phospholipids -Hyperphosphatemia: Increased serum/plasma phosphorus concentration -Hypophosphatemia: Decreased serum/plasma phosphorus concentration (as phosphorus concentrations decrease, calcium concentrations increase) |
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Sodium
(common electrolytes) |
-Major cation (positive charged) of plasma % interstituial fluid
-Important in water distribution & body fluid osmotic pressure -Vital in: pH regulation of urine & Acid-base balance -Hypernatremia: elevated blood levels of sodium -Hyponatremia: decreased blood level of sodium |
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Potassium
(common electrolytes) |
-Major intracellular cation
-Important for: Muscle & Cardiac function, Respiration, Nerve impulse transmission, Carbohydrate metabolism -Hyperkalemia: acidotic animals' potassium leaves intracellular fluid as hydrogen ions move in -Hypokalemia: decreased potassium levels in plasma (alkalosis, inadequate intake, fluid loss) -Plasma samples perferred -Avoid hemolytic samples -Seperate plasma from RBC's before refrigerating! |
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Magnesium
(common electrolytes) |
-4th most common cation
-2nd most common intracellular cation -Found in all body tissues -50% found in bones -Activates enzyme system -*Involved in production & decomposition of Acetylcholine -Magnesium/Calcium imbalance results in muscle tetany (rigidity) -Hypomagnesemia: decreased blood magnesium level -Hypermagnesemia: elevated blood magnesium level |