Classification, Evolution, And Phylogeny

Front 1

Systematics

Back 1

The branch of biology that studies the diversity of life and its evolutionary relationships. p 594

Front 2

Phylogeny

Back 2

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms. p 417

Front 3

Phylogenetic Trees

Back 3

A branching diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships of groups of organisms. p 417

Front 4

Taxonomy

Back 4

The science of the classification of organisms into an ordered system that indicates natural relationships.

Front 5

Classification

Back 5

An arrangement of organisms into hierarchical groups that reflect their relatedness. p 417

Front 6

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Back 6

A system of classification based on arranging organisms into ever more inclusive categories. p 418

Front 7

Family

Back 7

A Linnaean taxonomic category that ranks below an order and above a genus. p 418

Front 8

Orders

Back 8

A Linnaean taxonomic category of organisms that ranks above a family and below a class. p 418

Front 9

Classes

Back 9

A Linnean taxonomic category that ranks below a phylum and above an order. p 418

Front 10

Kingdoms

Back 10

A Linnaean taxonomic category that ranks below a domain and above a phylum. p 418

Front 11

Domains

Back 11

The highest taxonomic category; a group of cellular organisms with characteristics that set it apart as a major branch of the evolutionary tree. p 418

Front 12

Taxon

Back 12

A name designating a group of organisms included within a category in the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy. p 418

Front 13

Homologous Characters

Back 13

Characteristics that are similar in two species because they inherited the genetic basis of the trait from their common ancestor. p 419

Front 14

Homoplasious (Homoplasies)

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Characteristics shared by a set of species, often because they live in similar environments, but not present in their common ancestor; often the product of convergent evolution. p 419

Front 15

Ancestral characters

Back 15

A trait that was present in a distant common ancestor. p 420

Front 16

Derived characters

Back 16

A new version of a trait found in the most recent common ancestor of a group. p 420

Front 17

Outgroup comparison

Back 17

A technique used to identify ancestral and derived characters by comparing the group under study with more distantly related species that are not otherwise included in the analysis. p 420

Front 18

principle of monophyly

Back 18

A guiding principle of systematic biology that defines monophyletic taxa, each of which contains a single ancestral species and al of its descendants. p 420

Front 19

Monophyletic taxa

Back 19

A group of organisms that includes a single ancestral species and all of its descendants. p 420

Front 20

Polyphyletic taxa

Back 20

A group of organisms that belong to different evolutionary lineages and do not share a recent common ancestor. p 420

Front 21

Paraphyletic Taxon

Back 21

A group of organisms that includes an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Front 22

Assumption of parsimony

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Assumption that the simplest explanation should be the most accurate. p 421

Front 23

Traditional Evolutionary Systematics

Back 23

An approach to systematics that uses phenotypic similarities and differences to infer evolutionary relationships, grouping together species that share both ancestral and derived characters. p 421

Front 24

Cladistics

Back 24

An approach to systematics that uses shared derived characters to infer the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of groups of organisms. p 422

Front 25

Clade

Back 25

A monophyletic group of organisms that share homologous features derived from a common ancestor. p 422

Front 26

Cladograms

Back 26

A branching diagram in which the end points of the branches represent different species of organisms, used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships. p 422

Front 27

PhyloCode

Back 27

A formal set of rules governing phylogenetic nomenclature. p 423

Front 28

Molecular clock

Back 28

A technique for dating the time of divergence of two species or lineages, based on the number of molecular sequence differences between them. p 423

Front 29

Bayesian analysis

Back 29

statistical paradigm that answers research questions about unknown parameters using probability statements.

Front 30

Bootstrap analysis

Back 30

refer to any test or metric that relies on random sampling with replacement. p 428

Front 31

Parsimony

Back 31

Simplest = Best!

Front 32

Neighbour-joining

Back 32

neighbor joining is a bottom-up (agglomerative) clustering method for the creation of phylogenetic trees.

Front 33

UPGMA (Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean)

Back 33

simple agglomerative (bottom-up) hierarchical clustering method.

Front 34

Hominids

Back 34

A member of a monophyletic group of primates, characterized by an erect bipedal stance, that includes modern humans and their recent ancestors. P 430

Front 35

Power grip

Back 35

power grip is when the fingers (and sometimes palm) clamp down on an object with the thumb making counter pressure. (Making a fist)

Front 36

Precision grip

Back 36

precision grip is when the intermediate and distal phalanges ("fingertips") and the thumb press against each other. (Writing with a pencil)