Classification And Evolution 4.2.2

Front 1

Taxonomic Ranking System

Back 1

Hint 1

Did King Philip Come Over For Good Spaghetti

Front 2

Binomial Naming System

Back 2

Organisms are given 2 latin names, universal across countries and languages, the same organisms may have different local names. Firstly it is the genus and then the species e.g Homo sapiens

Front 3

Homology

Back 3

A traditional biological classification system where organisms are grouped based on the features that they shared.

Front 4

Animalia (5 Kingdoms)

Back 4

Eukaryotic, No cell wall, Multicellular, Food stored as glycogen, Heterotrophoc (digests large molecules), membrane bound organelles

Hint 4

e.g Jellyfish, Mammals, worms etc.

Front 5

Plants (5 Kingdoms)

Back 5

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Cellulose Cell wall, use light to produce food by photosynthesis (autotrophic), store food as starch

Hint 5

e.g algae, ferns, mosses etc.

Front 6

Fungi (5 Kingdoms)

Back 6

Eukaryotic, Chitin cell walls, Can be unicellular or multicellular, no chloroplasts, saprophytic feeders, food stored as glycogen

Hint 6

Moulds, Mushrooms and Yeast.

Front 7

Prokaryotae (5 Kingdoms)

Back 7

Prokaryotic, Unicellular, Cells have no nucleus (circular DNA), Absorb nutrients or produce internally via photosynthesis.

Hint 7

e.g Bacteria

Front 8

Protoctista (5 Kingdoms)

Back 8

Eukaryotic, single cell organisms, some have chloroplasts, move using cilia/flagellum, nutrients aquired by photosynthesis (autotrophic) or ingesting other organisms (heterotrophic) or both.

Front 9

Phylogeny

Back 9

Evolutionary relationships between organisms, it looks at how closely organisms are related.

Front 10

Monophyletic

Back 10

Belong to the same phylogenetic group e.g Humans and Gorillas.

Front 11

Natural Classification

Back 11

Includes natural relationships, internal and external features and is based on evolutionary relationships. Evidence is used from DNA sequences and amino acid sequences.

Front 12

Using DNA Sequences (Natural Classification)

Back 12

Changes in DNA are caused by mutations, the more differences there are the less closely related two species are as they will have evolved seperately for a longer period of time.

Front 13

Amino Acid Sequence of Cytochrome C (Natural Classification)

Back 13

Cytochrome C is a protein used for respiration, it is not identical in all species. We can compare the sequence of the amino acid in the Cytochrome C protein to find how closely related organisms are.

Front 14

The Three Domains

Back 14

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Front 15

Features of the Three Domains

Back 15

Front 16

Interspecific Variation

Back 16

The differences between different species

Front 17

Intraspecifc Variation

Back 17

The differences between individuals of the same species

Front 18

Continuous Variation

Back 18

Quantitative - Any feature that can be measured, controlled by both genes and the environment e.g height, length of leaves, number of flagellum.

Front 19

Discontinuous Variation

Back 19

Qualitative- Any feature that cannot be measured, controlled by genes e.g blood group, eye colour and shape of bacteria.

Front 20

Standard Deviation (SD)

Back 20

This tells you how much the values in a single sample vary, it shows you a measure of the spread of values about the mean.

Front 21

Calculating Standard Deviation (SD)

Back 21

Front 22

Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient

Back 22

This is used to work out whether there is a correlation (a relationship) between a genetic or environmental factor and variation in a particular characteristic.

Front 23

Calculating Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient

Back 23

Front 24

Null Hypothesis

Back 24

A Null Hypothesis always suggests that there is no significant correlation between the factors you are investigating

Front 25

Anatomical Adaptations

Back 25

Body Covering (feathers, hair, scales, spines, shells), Colour (camouflage), teeth - adapted for diet, mimicry- copying another animals appearance to warn predators

Hint 25

e.g Whales - thick blubber.

Front 26

Physiological Adaptations

Back 26

Processes that take place inside an organism e.g Antibiotic production, cacti store water etc.

Front 27

Behavioural Adaptations

Back 27

Survival, Courtship (attracting a mate) and Seasonal. These can be Innate (genes), learned behaviours or a combination of both.

Front 28

Convergent Evolution

Back 28

This takes place when unrelated species begin to share similar traits. These similarities evolve because the organisms adapt to similar environments or other selection pressures.

Front 29

Evidence to support Evolution

Back 29

Palaeontology - study of fossils, Comparative anatomy - study of similarities and differences between organisms, Comparative biochemistry - study of similarities and differences between the chemical make up of organisms.

Front 30

Divergent Evolution

Back 30

Homologous structure provides evidence that species evolved from a common ancestor. Each species with a different set of adaptive features.

Front 31

Gene Pool

Back 31

Total number of alleles in a particular population at a specific time

Front 32

Allele

Back 32

The form of a gene

Front 33

Phenotype

Back 33

The characteristics of an organism

Front 34

Genotype

Back 34

The genetic composition of an organism, and the alleles it possesses

Front 35

Natural Selection

Back 35

The process by which organisms best suited to their environment survive and reproduce, passing on their favourable characteristics to their offspring.

Front 36

Antibiotic Resistance

Back 36