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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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___ is the study or science of the form, structure, and development of plants |
Morphology |
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___ is the science that deals with the microscopic structure of plant or animal tissues |
Histology |
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Our major food fiber wood and ornamental plants belong to two main classes- the ___, represented mainly by the ___; and the ___, usually ___ |
Gymnosperms Narrow-leaved evergreen trees Angiosperms Broad-leaved flowering plants |
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Angiosperms are divided into two subclasses: the ___, which have an embryo with ___, and the ___, which have an embryo with ___ |
Monocotyledons One cotyledon Dicotyledons Two cotyledon |
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Germination begins with the emergence of the ___ or the primary ___ and the ___ or the primary ___ |
Radicle Root Plumule Shoot |
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___ is a sheath that surrounds the radicle of the grass embryo and through which the young developing root emerges |
Coleorhiza |
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The emerging plumule is protected by a sheath-like leaf, the ___ that ___ |
Coleoptile Envelops the main stem as it grows upward through the soil |
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Each ovary develops into a fruit, called a ___, which ___ |
Caryopsis Enclosed the true seed |
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___ is the portion of a stem that is located above the root and below the cotyledon |
Hypocotyl |
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___ is a mass of undifferentiated cells capable of division at the tip of a root or shoot. These cells multiply by division, allowing the plant to grow in depth or height |
Apical meristem |
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The stem region just above the cotyledons and below the first trifoliate leaves is called the ___ |
Epicotyl |
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The ___ ___ is the basic structural and physiological unit of plants in which most reactions characteristics of life occur |
Plant cell |
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___ is the branch of biology involved in the study of the components of cells and their functions |
Cytology |
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What are the two types of cells? |
Prokaryotic cell’s Eukaryotic cell’s |
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___ have no separate subcellular units. Ex: ___ |
Prokaryotic cell’s Nuclear material is not enclosed in a membrane (bacteria and blue-green algae) |
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___ are made up of compartments bounded by membranes, with specialized structures and functions |
Eukaryotic cell’s |
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___ is a specialized region in a cell, such as mitochondria that is bound by a membrane |
Organelle |
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Plant cells are ___ |
Eukaryotic cell’s |
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The organelles of the plant cell are contained within a ___, which in turn is encased within a ___ |
Membrane-bounded protoplast Cell wall |
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The plasma membrane, also called the ___ is a ___ surrounding the cytoplasm |
Plasmalemma Lipid bilateral |
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The ___ is a viscous fluid composed of matrix proteins, bounded by the semipermeable plasma membrane |
Cytoplasm |
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___ is any of a group of nitrogen-containing compounds that yield amino acids on hydrolysis and have high molecular weights. They are essential parts of living matter and are one of the essential food substances of animals |
Protein |
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Proteins are synthesized on the surfaces of the ___, on small discrete structures called ___ |
ER throughout the cell Ribosomes |
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___ are the cellular organelles in which carbohydrate metabolism is localized |
Plastids |
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___ is a complex organic molecule that traps light energy for conversion through photosynthesis into chemical energy |
Chlorophyll |
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Chromoplasts with chlorophyll are called ___ and are responsible for ___ in leaves and in some stems |
Chloroplasts Photosynthesis |
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Vacuoles serve as a storage reserve for ___ and ___, as well as for ___ products |
Water salts toxic |
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___ is a class of water-soluble pigments that account for many of the red to blue flowers, leaf, and fruit colors. They occur in the vacuole of the cell |
Anthocyanin |
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The membrane surrounding the vacuole is called the ___, and it serves an important role by controlling the flow of ___ and ___ ___ into and out of the vacuole maintaining cell turgor, and other functions |
Tonoplast Water Dissolved materials |
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The ___ ___ protects the protoplast, provides an external structure and in some tissues may act as a strong support for the plant |
Cell wall |
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The cell wall is ___, made up of ___, ____ substances, and ____ |
Nonliving Cellulose pectic lignins |
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___ is the pectic layer lying between the primary cell walls of adjoining cells |
Middle lamella |
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Individual cells in a tissue are connected to one another via strands of cytoplasmic material, called ___, which extend through the ___ |
Plasmodesmata Plasma membrane |
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The channels around plasmodesmata are called ___ |
Pits |
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___ is a group of cells of similar structures that performs a special function |
Tissue |
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Tissues of various types combine to form complex plant ___ such as ___ |
Organs Leaves, flowers, fruits, stems, and roots |
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___ are molecules that are colored by the light they absorb. Some plant ____ are water soluble and are found mainly in the cell vacuole |
Pigments |
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What are the vegetative parts of the plant? |
Roots Stems Leaves |
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What are the reproductive parts of the plant? |
Flowers Fruits Seeds |
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___ or ___ is comprised of actively dividing cells that develop and differentiate into yet other tissues and organs |
Meristem Meristematic tissue |
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Meristematic tissues are found in woody perennials as cylinders in the shoots and roots, also known as the ___ |
Cambium layer |
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Some plants have a dominant ___, which develops ___ together with limited lateral root growth. Example: carrots, beets, turnips |
Tap root Downward |
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___ is a root system characterized by many multidirectional branches Example: grasses, grain crops, and many kinds of shallow-rooted trees |
Fibrous root |
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The ___ produces new cell’s in the region a few micrometers behind an active shoot or apical meristem |
Subapical meristem |
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___ are active tissues that have been separated from the apical meristem by regions of more mature or developed tissues |
Intercalary meristems |
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The ___ which produces secondary growth, are cylinders of actively dividing cells starting somewhat below the apical or subapical meristems and continuing through the plant axis |
Lateral meristems |
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___ is a meristem that produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem cell’s. It is found in biennials and perennials |
Vascular cambium |
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___ is any of a group of fats or fat like compounds insoluble in water but soluble in certain other solvents |
Lipid |
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The ___ produces bark, the protective covering of old stems and roots |
Cork cambium |
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The ___ is a single exterior layer of cells that protects stems, leaves, flowers, and roots |
Epidermis |
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The outside surface of epidermal cell’s is usually covered with a waxy substance called ___, which reduces ___ |
Cutin Water loss |
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Root hairs actively ___ |
Absorb water from the soil |
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___ is made up of living thin-walled cell’s with large vacuoles and many flattened sides |
Parenchyma tissue |
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This is the principal tissue of the cylindrical zone under the epidermis extending inward to the phloem is a region called the ___ |
Cortex |
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___ is composed of thick-walled cell’s found throughout the plant as fibers or ___ |
Sclerenchyma tissue Sclereids |
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___ gives support to young stems, petioles, and the ___ |
Collenchyma tissue Veins of leaves |
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___ occurs commonly in the bark of maturing stems, the trunks of trees, and potato skins |
Cork tissue |
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___ is a structurally complex tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals from the ___ to all parts of the plants |
Xylem Roots |
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___ is a complex polysaccharide carbohydrate. The form of Food commonly stored by plants |
Starch |
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___ are long tubes made up of ___ that are joined end to end after the end walls of the cell’s have ___ |
Vessels Short vessel members Dissolved |
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___ are long, tapered, dead cells that conduct water through ___ and contribute significant strength and support to the stems of ___ |
Tracheids Pits Gymnosperms |
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___ are thick-walled sclerenchyma cell’s that provide support |
Fibers |
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___ are sites of respiration and are also involved in protein synthesis. They produce energy-rich compounds such as __ |
Mitochondria Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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___ is a dense body in the cytoplasm essential for cellular development and reproduction |
Nucleus |
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Within the nucleus are the ___, long lengths of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
Chromosomes |
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___ (DNA) a molecule composed of repeating subunits of ribose (a sugar), phosphate, and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Genes, the fundamental units of life inheritance on chromosomes, are sequences of DNA molecules |
Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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During reproduction the new cell receives half of its ___ from the ___ and half from the ___ resulting in genetic segregation |
Chromosomes Male parent Female parent |
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___ are transcribed from the DNA in the nucleus and translated into proteins on the ___ |
Genetic codes Ribosomes |
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___ conducts food and metabolites from the ___ to the ___, ___, ___ and ___ ___ |
Phloem The leaves to the stems, flowers, roots, and storage organs |
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___ members are long slender cells with ___ called sieve plates |
Sieve-tube Porous ends |
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The root cap is a ___ |
Thimble-shapes group of cells that protect the actively dividing meristem as it penetrates the soil |
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___ ___ are thick-walled cell’s that provide stem support |
Phloem fibers |
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Unlike xylem, which is mostly made up of hollow tubes created from dead cells, phloem is made up of ___ |
Living cells |
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The pericycle is a meristematic region producing ___ |
Lateral (branch) roots that grow outwardly through the cortex and epidermis |
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Roots are responsible for absorbing and conducting ___ and ___ ___ and for anchoring and supporting the ___ |
Water and mineral nutrients Plant |
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___ form at any place on plant tissue other than the radicle of a germinating seed and its extensions. They arise from meristematic cell’s adjacent to vascular bundles or from cambium or young phloem cell’s in young stems of woody perennials |
Adventitious roots |
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The root system is a significant portion of the entire ___ ___ of any plant about one-quarter to one-third of the total, depending on the ___ or ___ ___ of the root |
Dry weight Storage or fibrous nature |
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When cells expand, especially in length ; new protoplasm forms; and the size of the vacuoles increases the is called the ___ ___ ___ |
Zone of elongation |
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Because most of the water and nutrients a plant requires entry through the ___, a healthy actively growing ___ that is constantly producing root hairs is necessary for good plant ___ and ___ |
Root hairs Root system Growth and development |
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The ___ ___ is a thimble-shape group of cells that protect the actively dividing meristem as it penetrates the soil |
Root cap |
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The main stem and it’s branches are the ___ |
Scaffold of the plant, supporting the leaves, flowers, and fruits |
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Each thin-walled endodermal cell is completely encircled by a narrow, thickened band of waterproofed material known as the ___ ___ |
Casparian strip |
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The ___ is a meristematic region producing lateral (branch) roots that grow outwardly through the cortex and epidermis |
Pericycle |
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The protoderm gives rise to the ___; the ground meristem gives rise to the ___; the procambium gives rise to the ___ |
Epidermis Cortex Vascular cambium |
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___ of seed-bearing plants consists of the pericycle, phloem, vascular cambium, xylem, pith rays, and pith |
Vascular system |
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The production of adventitious roots is the basis for ___ by stem cutting |
Propagation |
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___ ___ can arise from plant parts other than stems, such as from leaf petioles or leaf blades or even form old root pieces |
Adventitious roots |
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By planting deep and having adventitious roots form, the young plant is much less likely to be ___ |
Damaged by wind or rain |
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The main stem and it’s branches are the ___ of the plant, supporting the leaves, flowers, and fruits |
Scaffold |
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The ___ and ___ ___ ___ manufacture food, which is transported to the roots, flowers, and fruits through the ___ |
Leaves herbaceous green stems Phloem |
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The stem develops from three primary tissues produced by the apical meristem: the ___, the ___ ___, and the ___ |
Protoderm Ground meristem Procambium |
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The protoderm gives rise to the ___; the ground meristem gives rise to the ___; the procambium gives rise to the ___ ___ |
Epidermis Cortex Vascular cambium |
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___ ___ of seed-bearing plants consists of the pericycle, phloem, vascular cambium, xylem, pith rays, and pith |
Vascular system |
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Both gymnosperms and woody perennial angiosperms grow in girth each year when the cell’s of the vascular cambium ___, forming ___ ___ of ___ |
Divide Annual rings Xylem |
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Some roots act as storage organs for ___ |
Photosynthesized food |
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The vascular bundles of a ___ ___ usually remain separated and distinct; they are arranged in a single circle in the stem |
Herbaceous dicot |
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In herbaceous monoctyledonous plants stem growth originates from an apical meristem that produces ___ ___ scattered throughout the ___ |
Vascular bundles Parenchyma |
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Certain fruit trees bear flowers and fruits each spring on persistent shortened stems called ___. Examples: ___ |
Spurs Apples, cherries, plums, pears |
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Plants that have underground stems with only a small portion of the stem showing for a relatively short period in the spring are called ___ |
So-called bulbous plants |
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A ___ is an underground stem whose terminal portion swells as it accumulates ___ and ___ from photosynthesis in the leaves |
White Irish potato plant Starches and sugars |
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A ___ is an underground stem that grows ___. Examples: Bananas, cannas, certain irises, certain bamboos, some grasses (quack grass, Johnson, Bermuda) |
Rhizomes Horizontally |
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___ are stems that grow horizontally above ground, sometimes called ___. Examples: Ajuga, Bermuda grass, some ferns |
Stolons Runners |
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___ are thickened compressed stems that grow underground. Examples: gladiolus, crocus, freesia |
Corms |
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___ are highly compressed underground stems to which numerous storage leaves are attached. Examples: hyacinths, lilies, onions, tulips |
Bulbs |
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Stem tubers are the ___ portions of underground stems. Examples: ___ |
Enlarged, fleshy, terminal White potato |
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The leaves of some plants, such as cabbage have a ___, called the ___ |
Thick waxy surface Cuticle |
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In most dicotyledonous plants, the leaf is made up of the ___, the ___ part; the stem like ___, which attaches the ___; and in some plant the ___ at the ___ |
Blade Flat thin Petiole Blade to the stem Stipules Base of the petiole |
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The spongy mesophyll parenchyma contains the ___ for photosynthesis |
Chlorophyll |
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Leaves are usually classified as simple, having a ___ or compound, ___ |
Single leaf One with three or more leaflets |
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The best test to distinguish between simple and compound leaves is to examine ___; a leaflet ___ |
The base of the petiole. A true leaf has a bud in this location. Does not |
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A compound leaf resembling a feather is termed ___; one resembling the palm of a hand is ___ |
Pinnate Palmate |
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The guard cells, which occur in pairs on both sides of the stomata, control the ___ and ___ of the stomata through which carbon dioxide (one of the raw materials for photosynthesis) ___, and oxygen (a product of photosynthesis) is ___ |
Opening and closing Enters the plant Released |
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A ___ compound leaf has three leaflets, as in a bean plant |
Trifoliate |
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Transpiration helps regulate ___ and provides the force that draw water into and through the ___ |
Leaf temperature Xylem |
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The leaves of some plants, such as cabbage have a thick waxy surface called the ___ |
Cuticle |
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In most dicotyledonous plants, the leaf is made up of the ___, the flat thin part; the stem like ___, which attaches the blade to the stem and in some plants the ___ at the base of the petiole |
Blade Petiole Stipules |
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___ are floral leaves grouped together on a stem that, in the angiosperms, are adapted for sexual reproduction |
Flowers |
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Leaves are usually classified as simple, having a ___ or compound, one with ___ leaflets |
Single leaf Three or more |
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The best test to distinguish between simple and compound leaves is to examine the base of the ___. A true leaf has a bud in this location. A leaflet ___ |
Petiole Does not |
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Flowers and inflorescences vary in ___ a fact that aids in identifying a plants ___ |
Shape and form among the species Species, genus, and family |
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Complete flowers usually have four parts- ___ |
Sepals, petals, stamens, pistil |
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Plant stems generally produce buds in the ___ of leaves at the nodes or terminally on shoots |
Axils |
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A bud can be defined as an undeveloped shoot or flower largely composed of meristematic tissue, and generally protected by ___ |
Modified leaf scales |
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A leaf scar, where the leaf petiole was ___, is visible just below each ___ |
Attached Bud |
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The ___ are the next whorl of floral leaves ___ |
Petals Inward from the sepals |
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The collective term for petals is ___ |
Corolla |
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The petals are usually ___, and they often contain ___, which pollinate the flowers |
Brightly colored with some yellow Nectaries that secrete nectar to attract insects |
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Flowers and inflorescences vary in shape and form among the ___ a fact that aids in identifying a plants ___, ___, and ___ |
Species Species, genus, and family |
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Complete flowers usually have four parts- ___, ___, ___, ___ |
Sepals, petals, stamens, pistil |
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The ___ are the leaf like scales that encircle the other flower parts, as in the carnation and rose |
Sepals |
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___ the cell layer in a leaf located between the palisade parenchyma and the lower epidermis; these cells have thin cell walls and are loosely packed |
Spongy mesophyll parenchyma cell’s |
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The ___ are the next whorl of floral leaves inward from the sepals |
Petals |
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The epidermis layer contains opening or pores called ___ each surrounded by two ___ |
Stomates Guard cells |
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The petals are usually ___ ___ with some yellow and they often contain ___ that secrete nectar to attract insects which pollinate the flowers |
Brightly colored Nectaries |
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Sepals and petals collectively are called the ___ |
perianth |
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The male part of the flowers is the ___ |
Stamen |
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Each stamen consists of a ___ and an ___ the ___ produces the pollen; the ___ supports the anther |
Filament anther Anther Filament
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Flowers with stamens only and no pistils are called ___ |
Staminate flowers |
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The carpel, also called the ___ is the central female component flower |
Pistil |
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What is a flower lacking either stamens or pistils called? |
Imperfect flowers |
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The ovary contains undeveloped ___ that are attached to a ___; the ovules develop into ___ after pollination and fertilization |
Ovules Placenta Seeds |
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Flowers borne singly on a stalk are called ___ |
Solitary |
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The ___ is a short, flat-topped flower with an indeterminate cluster that continues to produce flowers until conditions become unfavorable; the lower flowers open first. |
Corymb |
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The ___ resembles the corymb, except that the central or topmost flower is the first to open. |
Cyme |
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___ flowers lack ___ or ___ of the four parts: sepals, petals, stamens, or pistil |
Incomplete |
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The ___ is an elongated, simple, indeterminate inflorescence with ___, as in wheat, oats, and gladiolus |
Spike Sessile flowers |
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Each stamen consists of a ___; the ___ produces the pollen; the ___ supports the anther |
Filament and an anther Anther
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The ___ is a spike with only pistillate or staminate flowers |
Catkin |
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The ___ is an indeterminate branching raceme |
Panicle |
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The ___ is an indeterminate, often flat-topped, cluster of flowers that are of equal length and arise from a common point |
Umbel |
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A ___ is a complete densely flowered structure surrounded by a spathe |
Spadix |
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A fruit is a matured ___ plus associated parts; it is generally a ___, but there are ___ fruits that are seedless |
Ovary Seed-bearing organ Parthenocarpic |
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The fruit protects the ___ in some plants and helps ___ it |
Seed Disseminate |
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Fruits develop after ___ and ___ |
Pollination Fertilization |
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Flowers are ___ or ___ by wind or insects |
Self-pollinated Cross-pollinated |
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The ovary wall, which is called the ___, can develop into different ___ |
Pericarp Structures |
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Simple fruits have a ___ formed from one flower |
Single ovary |
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A group or whirl of stamens is the ___ |
Androecium |
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In fleshy fruits the entire pericarp and accessory parts develop into ___ |
Succulent tissue |
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In dry-fleshy fruits, some parts of the pericarp become ___ and the other portions remain ___ |
Dry Succulent |
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A ___ is a mature ovule |
Seed |
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The three basic parts of the seed are the ___, the ___ (endosperm, cotyledons, perisperm), and the ___ |
Embryo Food storage tissue Seed coats |
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The ___ is a miniature plantlet formed within the ___ from the union of the male and female gametes during fertilization |
Embryo Seed |
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What are the two growing points of the embryo? |
Radicle Plumule |
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In dry fruits (papery or stony), the entire pericarp is dry at ___ |
Maturity |
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___ are leaflike structures at the first node of the seedling stem. In some dicots, cotyledons contain the stored food for the young plant not yet able to photosynthesize its own food. Often referred to as seed leaves |
Cotyledons |
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Seeds having a large portion of their food stored as endosperm are called ___ |
Albuminous seeds |
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Those seeds with no endosperm or only a thin layer surrounding the embryo are called ___ |
Exalbuminous seeds |
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The carpel, also called the ___ is the ___ component flower |
Pistil Central female |
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The ___ is a miniature plantlet formed within the seed from the union of the male and female gametes during fertilization |
Embryo |
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___ is the tissue covering or surrounding the ovule, usually consisting of an inner and outer layer, they subsequently become the seed oats of the mature ovule |
Integuments |
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The scar that remains after breaking the seed from the stalk is called the ___, and the small opening near the hilum is the ___ |
Hilum Micropyle |
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The ridge on the seed is the ___ |
Raphe |
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The carpel or pistil is composed of three parts. List and describe each of them: ___: the receptive surface that receives the pollen ___: a tube connected to the stigma ___: attached to the lower end of the style |
Stigma Style Ovary |
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The ovary contains ___ that are attached to a ___; the ovules develop into ___ after pollination and fertilization |
Undeveloped ovules Placenta Seeds |
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Collectively the carpels are known as the ___ |
Gynoecium |
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What are the essential parts of the complete flower for sexual reproduction? |
Stamens and pistils |
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What are the accessory flower parts? |
Sepals and petals |
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Incomplete flowers lack ___ or ___ of the four parts: sepals, petals, stamens, or pistil |
One More |
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G |
G |
