Chp. 23- The Urinary System

Front 1

The urinary system consists of what 6 organs?

Back 1

two kidneys, two ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Front 2

What is the primary role of the kidneys?

Back 2

excretion

Front 3

What are all the roles of the kidneys?

Back 3

-filter blood plasma
-separate wastes from useful chemicals
-eliminate wastes while returning the rest to bloodstream

Front 4

What are the roles of the kidneys?

Back 4

-regulate blood volume and pressure by eliminating or conserving water as necessary

Front 5

Roles of the Kidney

Back 5

regulates the osmolarity of the body fluids by controlling the relative amounts of water and solutes eliminated

Front 6

Roles of the kidney

Back 6

secretes enzyme renin which activates hormonal mechanisms that control the blood pressure and electrolyte balance

Front 7

Roles of the kidney

Back 7

secretes hormone erythropoietin which stimulates the production of RBCs and supports the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

Front 8

Roles of the kidney

Back 8

collaborate with the lungs to regulate the Pco2 and acid-base balance of body fluids

Front 9

Roles of the kidneys

Back 9

carry out final step in synthesizing the hormone calcitriol and thereby contribute to calcium homeostasis

Front 10

Roles of kidneys

Back 10

in extreme starvation, they carry out gluconeogenesis; deaminate amino acids, excrete the amino acid group as ammonia, and synthesize glucose from the rest of the molecule

Front 11

waste

Back 11

any substance that is useless to the body or present in excess of the body's needs

Front 12

metabolic waste

Back 12

a waste substance produced by the body

Front 13

nitrogenous wastes

Back 13

among the most toxic of our metabolic wastes; small nitrogen-containing compounds; uric acid and creatinine

Front 14

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Back 14

expresses level of nitrogenous waste in the blood; normal level> 10-20mg/dL

Front 15

What is an elevated BUN called?

Back 15

azotemia; may indicate renal insufficiency; may progress to uremia( diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmia from toxicity)

Front 16

What is treatment for renal insufficiency?

Back 16

hemodialysis or organ transplant

Front 17

Excretion

Back 17

process of separating wastes form body fluids and eliminating them

Front 18

Excretion is carried out by what 4 organ systems?

Back 18

1) respiratory (excretes CO2, other gases and water)
2)integumentary (water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, and urea)
3)digestive (food, water, salts, CO2, lipids, cholesterol)
4)urinary (metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, hydrogen ions, water)

Front 19

The kidney converts blood plasma to urine in what three stages?

Back 19

1) glomerular filtration
2)tubular reabsorption and secretion
3)water conservation

Front 20

glomerular filtrate

Back 20

fluid in the capsular space; similar to blood plasma except has almost no protein

Front 21

tubular fluid

Back 21

fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule through the distal convoluted tubule; differes from glomerular filtrate because of substances removed and added by the tubule cells

Front 22

urine

Back 22

the fluid once it enters the collecting duct; undergoes little alteration beyond this point

Front 23

Glomerular filtration

Back 23

A special case of the capillary fluid exchange process> water and some solutes in the blood plasma pass from the capillaries of the glomerulus into the capsular space of the nephron; the fluid passes through 3 barriers that constitute the filtration membrane: fenestrated endothelium of the capillary, basement membrane, and filtration slits

Front 24

The filtration membrane

Back 24

The membrane that consists of three membranes which fluid passes through>fenestrated endothelium of the capillary, basement membrane, and filtration slits

Front 25

Fenestrated endothelium of the capillary

Back 25

Part of the filtration membrane; contains large filtration pores, highly permeable, although small enough to exclude blood cells from the filtrate

Front 26

Basement membrane

Back 26

Part of the filtration membrane; consists of a proteoglycan gel, few particles may penetrate its small spaces but most are held back; particles also held back by negative charge on the proteoglycans such as albumin

Front 27

Filtration slits

Back 27

Part of the filtration membrane; a podocyte of the glomerular capsule; the foot processes have negatively charged filtration slits> additional obstacle for large ions

Front 28

What are molecules that are smaller than 3nm and pass freely though filtration membrane?

Back 28

water, electrolytes, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, nitrogenous wastes and vitamins

Front 29

Proteinuria/ hematuria

Back 29

kidney disease marked by the presence of protein or blood in the urine; usually in intense athletes

Front 30

Filtration pressure

Back 30

Glomerular filtration follows same principles that govern filtration in other blood capillaries but at different magnitudes