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142 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The major stimulous for release of parathyroid hormone is? A) Humoral B) neural
A) Humoral
The anterior pituitary secretes all but.....A) Antidiuretic B) growth hormone
A) Antidiuretic
A hormone not involved in glucose metabolism is......A) cortisone B) Aldosterone
B) Aldosterone
Parathyroid hormone ...........A) increases bone formation and decreases calcium levels B) demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels.
B) demineralizes bone and raises blood calcium levels.
Important anabolic hormone; many of its effects mediated by IGFs A) Luteinizing hormone B) growth hormone
B) Growth hormone
involved in water balance; causes kidneys to conserve water A) Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone B) Aldosterone and luteinizing hormone
A) Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone
stimulates milk production A) oxytocin B) prolactin
B) prolactin
tropic hormone that stimulates the gonads to secrete sex hormones A) aldosterone B) luteinizing hormone
B) luteinizing hormone
increases uterine contractions during birth A) prolactin B)oxytocin
B) oxytocin
major metabolic hormone (s) of the body A) growth hormone B) T4 and T3
B) T4 and T3
Causes reabsorption of sodium ions (Na) by the kidneys A) Aldosterone B) antidiuretic hormone
A) Aldosterone
tropic hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormone A) growth hormone B) TSH
B) TSH
secreted by the neurohypophysis A) Antidiuretic and Oxytocin B) aldosterone and Oxytocin
A) Antidiuretic and Oxytocin
The only sterior hormone in the list:
aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, T4 & T3, and TSH? A) Aldosterone B) antidiuretic hormone
A) Aldosterone
A hyperdermic injection of epinephrine would.......A) increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, dilate bronchi, and decrease peristalsis B) decrease heart rate, decrease blood pressure, dilate bronchi, and decrease peristalsis
A) increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, dilate bronchi, and decrease peristalsis
Testosteroneis to the male as what hormone is to the female? A) estrogen B) progesterone
A) estrogen
if anterior pituitary secreteion is deficient in a growing child, the child will......A) become a dwarf but have faily normal body proportions. B) develope acromegaly
A) become a dwarf but have faily normal body proportions.
If there is adequate carbohydrate intake, secretion of insulin results in.......A) lower blood glucose levels B) increased cell utilization of glucose C) storage of glucose D) All of the above
D) all of the above, lower blood glucose levels, increased cell utilization of glucose, and storage of glucose
Hormones........A) are produced by exocrine glands B) are carried to all parts of the body in blood.
B) are carried to all parts of the body in blood.
Some hormones act by.....A) increasing the synthesis of enzymes B) converting an inactive enzyme into an active enzyme C) affecting only specific target organs. D) All of the above
D) All of the above: increasing the synthesis of enzymes and
converting an inactive enzyme into an active enzyme and
affecting only specific target organs.
Absence of thyroxine would result in.........A) Exophthalmos B) Depression of the CNS and lethargy.
B) Depression of the CNS and lethargy.
Chromaffin cells are found in the.......A) Pineal gland B) Adrenal gland
B) Adrenal gland
Atrial natriuretic peptide secreted by the heart has exactly the opposite function of this hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa.....A) antidiuretic hormone B) Aldosterone
B) Aldosterone
excessive hair growth: usually reflects excessive androgen in women....means rough or hairy.....A) Hirsutism B) hairitism
A) Hirsutism
surgical removal of the pituitary gland A) pituitsectomy B) Hypophysectomy
B) Hypophysectomy
most common type 30-40% of pituitary gland tumor....
prolactinoma
dwarfism (failure to thrive) resulting from stress and emotional disorders that suppress hypothalamic release of GH growth hormone---releasing hormone and thus anterior pituitary secretion of Gh.......
Psychosocial dwarfism
A sudden and dangerous increase in all symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to excessive amounts of circulating TH. Symptoms of this hypermetabolic state include: fever, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, dehydration, nervousness, and tremors.
Precipitating factors include stressful situations, excessive intake of TH supplements and trauma.
Thyroid Storm (thyroid crisis)
Although we speak of the pituitary releasing factors prduced by the hypothalamis neurons as hormones: they would be better classified as....A) neurohormones B) neurotransmitters
A) neurohormones
During prgnancy,progexterone produced by the placenta has what role to play with respect to estrogen? A) permissive A) synergistic C) antagonistic
C) antagonistic
Which organ does not have any hormone production? A) kidney B) heat C) spleen D) skin E) esophagus
E) esophogus
The lipotropic hormone might use which of the following events? A) activation of adrenylate cyclase B) opening of voltage gated sodium channels in the plasma membrane C) modification of the receptor molecule or transfer of the hormone to a different carrier D) A and B C) A and C
D) A and B
ACTH A) causes the release of the adrenal medullary hormones B) secretion is regulated by hypothalamic secretion
B) regulated by hypothalamic secretion
In what type of muscle does oxytocin cause contraction? A)smooth muscle in the diaphram B) uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands
B) uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells in the mammary glands
Enzyme action converts pro opiomelancortin into A) ACTH B) Beta endorphin C) ADH
A and B
Which of the hormones is NOT produced by the adrenal cortex A) DHEA B) epinephrine
B) epinephrine
Which of these hormones would be synthesized in smooth endoplasmic reticulum A) Oxytocin B) DHEA
B) DHEA
Insulin (a small 51 amino acid protein) is synthesized by beta cells of the pancrease. this hormone is released....A) When blood glucose levels rise B) when blood glucose levels fall
A) when blood glucose levels fall
Hormone levels are regulated by changes in secretion rate. This may come about b/c of A) neuromuscular reflexes B) circadian rhythms
B) circadian rythms
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the: a. adrenal medulla.
b. pancreas.
c. thyroid gland.
d. thymus gland.
c. thyroid gland.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
a.increases urine output
b.promotes dehydration
c.is produced by the adenohypophysis
d.is inhibited by alcohol
d.is inhibited by alcohol
The precursor molecule for all steroid hormones is
a. DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone)
b. testosterone
c. cholesterol
C cholesterol
The release of histamine by a mast cell to effect vasodilatation in the nearby tissue is an example of the release of a
a. neurohormone
b. neurotransmitter
c. paracrine
d. hormone
C) paracrine
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
a. enzymatic
b. humoral
c. neural
d. hormonal
A) enzymatic
Erythropoietin is produced by what organ?
a. liver
b. islets of Langerhans
c. kidney
C) kidney
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of:
a. aldosterone.
b. insulin.
c. glucagon.
d. cortisol.
D) cortisol
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called:
a. enzymes.
b. antibodies.
c. proteins.
d. hormones.
D hormones
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract:
a.connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland.
b.is partly contained within the infundibulum.
c.conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis.
d.is the site of prolactin synthesis.
b.is partly contained within the infundibulum
Tropic hormones:
a.include ACTH and TSH.
b.do not regulate the function of other endocrine glands.
c.exert their effects on cells by direct gene activation.
d.include GH and PRL
A) includes ACTH and TSH
Growth hormone:
a. is also called somatostatin.
b. is regulated by humoral mechanisms.
c. secretion results in a decrease in muscle mass.
d. promotes long bone growth during the formative years.
d. promotes long bone growth during the formative years.
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by:
a. entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei.
b. exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism.
c. causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure.
d. acting to decrease basal metabolic rate.
a. entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei.
Gonadocorticoid(s):
a. synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens.
b. production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty.
c. secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH.
d. hypersecretion can result in androgenital syndrome, also called testicular feminization.
b. production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty.
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
a. a change in membrane potential
b. the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
c. an increase in enzymatic activity
d. direct control of the nervous system
d. direct control of the nervous system
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on:
a. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path.
b. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ.
c. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ.
d. nothing—all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific.
c. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ.
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the:
a. hepatic portal system.
b. general circulatory system.
c. hypophyseal portal system.
d. feedback loop.
c. hypophyseal portal system.
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because:
a. there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane.
b. the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time.
c. the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized.
d. most cells have many different protein kinases with distinct substrates.
d. most cells have many different protein kinases with distinct substrates
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because:
a. peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers.
b. hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly.
c. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers.
d. the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit.
c. G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers.
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is:
a. estrogen.
b. epinephrine.
c. angiotensinogen.
d. renin.
b. epinephrine
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
a. the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates
b. catabolic inhibition
c. protein synthesis
d. humoral stimulation
d. humoral stimulation
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through:
a. blocking the action of growth hormone.
b. targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released.
c. antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin.
d. slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity.
b. targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released.
Leptin is secreted by:
a. lymphocytes.
b. adipocytes.
c. goblet cells.
d. fibroblasts.
b. adipocytes.
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?
a. estrogen
b. aldosterone
c. epinephrine
d. cortisone
c. epinephrine
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?
a. extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone
b. an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP
c. second-messenger systems
d. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
d. a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include:
a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems.
b. cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger.
c. formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates.
d. hormone binding to intracellular receptors.
a. possible activation of several different second-messenger systems.
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus:
a. enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary.
b. enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary.
c. travel by arteries to the pituitary.
d. first enter into the hypophyseal portal system.
d. first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis?
a. Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels.
b. High calcium levels cause bone resorption.
c. Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity.
d. Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
d. Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
Aldosterone:
a. is secreted by the neurohypophysis.
b. functions to increase sodium resorption.
c. presence increases potassium concentration in the blood.
d. production is greatly influenced by ACTH.
b. functions to increase sodium resorption
The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is:
a. TH.
b. ACTH.
c. GH.
d. ADH.
a. TH.
Eicosanoids do not include:
a. paracrines.
b. leukotrienes.
c. hydrocortisones.
d. prostaglandins.
c. hydrocortisones
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
a. FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.
b. The physician is wrong—a hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility.
c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
d. The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
c. FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. The stimulus for calcitonin release is usually excessive amounts of growth hormone synthesis.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.The antagonistic hormones that regulate blood calcium levels are calcitonin and parathormone.
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.Insulin elevates blood glucose concentrations.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.The thyroid gland is embedded as small nodules in the mass of the parathyroid.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.Many hormones synthesized by enteroendocrine cells are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false.All adenohypophyseal hormones affect their target cells via a cAMP second-messenger system.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false All adenohypophyseal hormones affect their target cells via a cAMP second-messenger system.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false Hormonal systems employing direct gene activation involve using a second-messenger system.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are both caused by a genetic mutation involving the synthesis of insulin.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false Iodine in an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false In humans, melatonin may inhibit sexual maturation.
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false The endocrine structure that develops from the nervous system is the anterior pituitary.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false Both “turn on” factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and “turn off” factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system.
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false LH in males is sometimes referred to as ICSH.
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false The only known effect of prolactin in humans is to produce impotence in males
false
Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions. true or false
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid produce calcitonin.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin.
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. Type II diabetes lacks insulin activity.
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. Peptide hormones enter the target cells and elicit a response by mediating neurotransmitter effects
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. Calcitonin is a peptide hormone that has destructive effects on the skeletal system
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary secretion of sodium.
true
While glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory effects.
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual.
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and LH
true
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid.
false
Answer {a} if true, {b} if false. Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.
false
Autocrine
Chemicals that exert their effects on same cell that secrete them
Steroids (ste˘-roidz)
Group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen.
Synthesized from cholesterol
Second messenger
Intracellular molecule generated by the binding of a chemical (hormone or neurotransmitter) to a plasma membrane receptor; mediates intracellular responses to the chemical messenger
Cyclic AMP
Intracellular second messenger that mediates the effects of the first (extracellular) messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter); formed from ATP by a plasma membrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase).
G protein
Protein that relays signals between extracellular first messengers (hormones or neurotransmitters) and intracellular second messengers (such as cyclic AMP) via an effector enzyme.
First messenger
the hormone acts as the first messenger
Adrenylate cyclase
enzyme G protein binds to inhibs or stimulates
Protein kinases
enzymes that phosphorlate proteins phospholate stimulates
Phosphodiesterase
degrades cAMP
PIP
calcium signal mechanism intracell ca+ ions act as final mediator
cAMP
cAMP activates second messenger
up regulation
make more receptors in response to rising blood levels of specif hormones
Dn regulation
prolonged exposure to hi hormone concentration desensitizes target cell so response less vigorous
Synergistic
same effect as other hormone
Permissive
needs other hormone to react
Circulating concentration in blood
1- rate of release 2- speed inactivated and removed fro body
Neg feed back
regulates hormone release and synthesis
Endocrine stimuli
humoral, neural, hormonal
Humoral
gland secretes hormones in response to blood levels
Neural
nerve fiber stimulates
Hormonal
release in response to hormones
Nervous system modulation
nervous system modifys turn off and on on: hormonal, humoral, and neural Off feedback inhibs
Post pituitary
storage: made most of pituicytes: releases neurochromes receive by hypothalamus: Not a true endocrine gland
Pituicytes
glia cells nerve fiber
Neurochrome
hormones secreted by neurons
Neurohypophysis
post lobe pituitary and infundilum make up
Pituitary gland
called hypophysis (grow under secrete 9 hormones)
Ant pituitary (adrenohypophysis
glanular tissue manu and release many hormones
diabetes insipidus
A hyposecretion of ADH which results in dehydration from excessive urine output.
Thyroid hormone (TH)
Actually two physiologically active hormones known as T3 and T4 produced by the thyroid gland. Its primary function is to control the rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation, therefore it affects virtually every cell in the body.
myxedema
Hyposecretion of T4. This condition leads to a condition of mental and physical sluggishness.
tetany
Hyposecretion of PTH may lead to this, prolonged muscle spasms that can result in respiratory paralysis
Adrenal medulla
Part of the adrenal gland that is directly controlled by the sympathetic nervous system neurons. The cells respond to the stimulation by releasing epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%).
Adrenal cortex
Part of the adrenal gland that produces three mayor groups of steroid hormones called corticosteroids.
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Released by the parathyroid gland and is the most important regulator of calcium balance of the blood. Its release causes the release of calcium from the bone matrix and prods the kidney to reabsorb more calcium and less phosphate from the filtrate. Also activates the kidney to activate Vitamin D.
Mineralocorticoids
One of the major groups of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. It regulates water and electrolyte balance in extracellular flid, mainly by regulatind sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules. Chiefly aldosterone.
Glucocorticoids
One of the major groups of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. It enables the body to resist long-term stressors, primarily by incresing blood glucose levels.
Gonadocorticoids
AKA sex hormones. One of the major groups of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. They are chiefly androgens ( male sex hormones) but some estrogen (female sex hormones) are formed.
Hirsutism
hypersecretion of corticosteroids produces abnormal hairiness and masculinization.
Pancreas
located partially behind the stomach in the abdomen, and it functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland. It produces digestive enzymes as well as insulin and glucagon