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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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typically examines multiple exposures in relation to a disease; subjects are defined as cases and controls; exposure histories compared
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case control study
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what are the 2 parts to the definition of epidemiology
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1. The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in populations,
2. and the application of this study to control health problems.” |
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studies causes, preventions, and treatments for disease; investigator passively observes and lets nature take its course
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observational study
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studies preventions and treatments; investigator actively manipulates which groups receive the treatment of study
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experimental study
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typically examines relationship between exposure and disease prevalence at a single point in time
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cross sectional study
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relationship between exposure and disease with population level data rather than individual level data
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ecological study
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what is unique about a cohort study experiment
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starts with the illness and backtracks
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how does a case control study work?
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starts with disease and progresses forward
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what study is used to compare with disease to without disease populations?
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case control study
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what kinds of cases are typically measured regularly?
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incident cases
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what kinds of cases are a single point in time such as a cross sectional survey?
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prevalent cases
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when do you want to use case control study?
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when disease is rare
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difference between incidence and prevalence?
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incidence is new cases while prevalence is all cases
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what study is used to compare with disease to without disease populations?
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case control study
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what kinds of cases are typically measured regularly?
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incident cases
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what kinds of cases are a single point in time such as a cross sectional survey?
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prevalent cases
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when do you want to use case control study?
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when disease is rare
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prevalence is or isnt effected by disease duration?
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is, long duration will increase prevalence
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in a cumulative incidence rate, what can make your denominator change?
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deaths etc.
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what is the term used in epidemiology assigned as an expression of probability?
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risk
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what does the relative risk of a cohort study say?
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how many exposed people are likely to get the disease
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a RR=1?
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risk of exposed equal to unexposed (no association)
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RR>1?
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rate in exposed greater than rate of unexposed; positive association possibly causal
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RR<1?
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risk of exposed is less than nonexposed; negative association; possibly protective
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when can you compare exposed groups with unexposed groups?
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when epidemiologist manipulate exposure in an observational study.
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when can't you find the RR?
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when you starts with diseased people already
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what is the difference when taking the risk of exposed group from risk unexposed group?
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attributable risk
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what provides information on disease patterns by various characteristics of person, place, and time
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descriptive epidemiology including descriptive statistics
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what are used to typically characterize disease patterns? and how are they characterized?
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rates; and by person, place, and time
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what tells u how many times higher or lower the disease is among the exposed as compared to the unexposed?
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relative risk; risk or exposed/ unexposed
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true or false does the relative risk measure the strength of the association between an expsosure and an outcome in cohort study
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true
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the amount of disease that can be attributed to a certain exposure
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attributable risk
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what includes descriptive statistics that provide information on disease patterns by various characteristics of person, place, and time
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descriptive epidemiology
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used to characterize disease pattern?
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rates
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"un-adjusted" rate
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crude rate
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category specific rates are said to be what?
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stratefied
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what info (3) is needed to find the crude death rate?
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1. total deaths
2. total population 3. a given period of time |
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cause specific means?
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denominator is total population
numerator is total number of deaths all causes |
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why do we calculate age adjusted rates?
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populations differ in age strucure
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adjusted rates are good for ____________ only, by themselves are meaningless
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comparisons (true)
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# of existing cases
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prevalence
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what do u use a 2x2 table for?
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to calculate measures of risk; cohort study
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what is the central goal of public health
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prevention
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what 3 factors play a part in the and form an interaction in a human disease?
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-host
-agent -environment |
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what commonly describes the underlying principles of disease transmission?
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communicable disease
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what are three essential characteristics we look for in descitptive epidemiology
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-person
-place -time |
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whats the major objective as a trend in health and disease?
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evaluate and compare
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(3) approaches to descriptive epidemiology?
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1. case reports- simplest category
2. case series- summarize patients from major clinical settings 3. cross sectional studies-surveys of pop. to establish prevalence of a disease at a given time |
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trends:
childhood___________ teenage years_________ adult years_____________ older adults_____________ |
-developmental problems
-unplanned pregnancy, substance abuse -accidental injury, homicide, suicide -chronic diseases |
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what is one of the most important factors when describing the occurance of a disease or illness?
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age
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what is the latency effect?
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how age can effect mortality rates, especially in cancer
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biological clock phenomenon
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waning down of the immune system
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how do men and women differ when an age specific rate is determined?
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men: all age specific mortality rates rate for men more than women
women: higher rates of pain asthma certain respiratory or lung ailments |
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men develop ________________ sooner and more often than women
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heart disease
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what is relationship between education and infant mortality
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less education equals higher infant mortality
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characteristics of a place (3)
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-international
-geeographic (within country)variations -urban/nonurban differences |
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who helped solve the cholera epidemic? how?
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john snow; mapped up a disease frequency map
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characeristics related to time
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-secular change (long term)
-point epidemics (short term) -cyclic trends -seasonal variation |
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secular changes?
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often occur longer than one year
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graphic form most used in respect with time
xaxis______ yaxis______ |
x- time
y- frequency |
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these are described in basis of years to decades
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secular time frame
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these range from hours to days to weeks?
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point epidemics
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most cyclic trends are due to ? while others are?
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seasonal,
immigration, school year |
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the reasoning behind why FDA is behind all the different drugs a woman can take while pregnant
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time clustering
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what can sometimes be used to trace the "beginning" to the introduction of a specific agent or_____________?
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time clustering, causal
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what is descriptive epidemiology used for?
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to determine if an epidemic is occuring
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what is disease frequency?
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used to quantify disease occurence in a population
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things disease frequency takes into account?
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-number of individuals affected by the disease-->numerator
-size of source population --> denominator -length of time population was followed |
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# of existing cases?
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prevalence
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# of new cases
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incidence
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number of ind. with disease at a point in time
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point prevalence
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number of people that have had the disease at any time during the period
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period prevalence
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the type of incidence where you use time in your denominator
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incidence rate/incidence density
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estimates the probability or risk that a person will develop the disease during a specified time.
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cumulative incidence
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what is incidence an example of allowing to take time in the denominator?
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true rate
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P=ID
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prevalence rate is equal to the incidence rate times the duration
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crude birth rate
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(number of live births)/(population size at middle of time frame)
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general fertility rate
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(# of live births)/(number women age 15-44 at midpoint of the year during time frame)
***15-44 is child bearing age group |
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infant mortality rate
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(# of deaths to babies between the ages of 0-365 days)/(number of live births)
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when do you use crude rates?
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with caution when comparing disease frequencies between populations
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what kinds of factors can cause observed differences in crude rates
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systematic factors
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what kinds of rates refer to a particular subgroup of the population defined by a term of race, age, sex......
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specific rates
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cause specific rate
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(mortality of a given disease)/(population at halfway point of period)
above X 100,000 |
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proportional mortality ratio
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mortality(or frequency of a given case during a time period)/(mortality due to all causes during time period)
****all that X 100 |
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crude death rate
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number of deaths in a given year/reference population(midpoint of preset population)
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attack rate
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# of cases of disease that develop during time period
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cause specific
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(# of cases of death mortality, frequency)/population size at midpoint
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case fatality rate
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(# of deaths)/(# of cases of disease)
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survival rate
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# of living cases/(# of cases)
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what is epidemiology?
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study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in populations, and the application of this study to control health problems
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what are the two basics of an epidemilogical study?
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surveillance and research
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surveillance (epidemiology)
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monitor aspects of disease occurrance that are important for an effective control
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research (epidemiology)
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harvest valid and precise info about causes, prevention, and treatment for diseases
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goal of epidemiological studies?
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determine relationship between exposure and disease
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types of epidemiological studies? (5)c3ase'er(rsc)
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-case reports
--case series ---ecological studies -cross sectional --case control ---cohort studies -randomized control studies |
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epidemiological studies do what?
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Generate hypothesis to establish causality
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also called a prevalence study
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cross sectional study
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BRFSS?
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Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
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what is the advantage of using a 2x2 table in cross sectional studies
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the table is used for grouping results
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the cheapest kind of study?
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cross sectional
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poor for cross sectional studies
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NO incidence data
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poor for cross sectional studies
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difficult to study rare diseases or low prevalence
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poor for cross sectional studies
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cannot determine temporality of exposure of disease
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ecologic fallacy
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incorrect inference about individual are made from group level data
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what are individual studies within descriptive statistics? Lover
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-case reports
-case series -cross sectional studies -lover=3c's |
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analytic studies have what?
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have a comparison group
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2 types of observational studies
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-case control
-cohort studies |
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a positive association between exposure and risk factor?
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the incidence rate would be higher, and the RR>1
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the key to cohort studies?
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start with exposure
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3 types based on data collection of cohort studies
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-prospective
-retrospective -ambidirectional |
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RR=?
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relative rate=
(incidence of exposed)/(same of unexposed) |
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relative risk is the study used on which type of study
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cohort
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analysis of cohort study?
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(incidence rate)/(incidence density)
(# of new cases)/(total person time) |
