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138 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
Chemistry
the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes
Organic Chemistry
the study of all chemicals containing carbon
Inorganic chemistry
the study of chemicals that in general don't contain carbon
Biochemistry
the study of processes that take place in living organisms
Analytical chemistry
the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter
Physical Chemistry
the area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change
Pure Chemistry
the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake
Applied Chemistry
Research that is directed toward a practical goal of application
Chemical Compounds
Collections of two or more elements held together by relatively strong attractive forces called chemical bonds
The Mole
The chemist's invaluable unit for specifying the amount of material
Technology
The means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired
Petrochemicals
Chemical products derived from petrolium
The Scientific Method
A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
Observation
When you use your senses to obtain information
Hypothesis
A proposed explanation for an observation
Experiment
a procedure that is used to teat a hypothesis
Independent(Manipulated) variable
The variable that you change during an experiment
Dependent variable
The variable that is observed during the experiment
Model
A representation of an object or event
Theory
A well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations
Scientific law
A concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments
Measurement
A quantity that has both a number and a unit
Scientific Notation
a given number is written as the product of two numbers
Accuracy
A measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual value
Precision
A measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another, irrespective of the actual value
Accepted value
The correct value for the measurement based on reliable references
Experimental Value
The value measured in the lab
Error
The difference between the experimental value and the accepted value
Percent error
the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value, multiplied by 100%
Significant Figures
The digits that are known, plus a last digit that is estimated
International System of Units (SI)
A revised version of the metric system
Meter(m)
The basic unit of length, or linear measure
Volume
The space required by any sample of matter
Liter(L)
The volume of a cube that is 10cm along each edge
Kilogram(kg)
The basic SI unit of mass
Gram(g)
1/1000 of a kilogram
Weight
A force that measures the pull on a given mass by gravity
Energy
The capacity to do work or to produce heat
Joule(j)
SI unit of energy
Calorie
The quantity of heat that raises the temperature of 1g of pure water by 1°C
Temperature
A measure of how hot or cold and object is
Density
The ratio of the mass of an object to its volume
Conversion Factor
A ratio of equivalent measurements
Dimensional Analysis
A way to analyze and solve problems using the units, or dimensions of the measurements
Mass
A measure of the amount of matter the object contains
Volume
A measure of the space occupied by the object
Extensive Property
A property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
Intensive property
A property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter
Substance
Matter that has a uniform and definite composition
Physical Property
A quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition
Solid
Form of matter that has definite shape and volume
Liquid
Indefinite shape, flows, and fixed volume
Gas
Takes shape and volume from container
Vapor
Describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature
Physical Change
Some properties change, composition does not
Mixture
A physical blend of 2 of more components
Heterogeneous Mixture
A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout
Homogeneous Mixture
A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout
Solution
Another name for a mixture
Phase
Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties
Filtration
The process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture
Distillation
A liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid
Element
The simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties
Compound
A substance that contains to or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion
Chemical Change
A change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter
Chemical Symbol
A one- or two- letter representation of an element
Periodic Table
An arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties
Period
Each horizontal row of the periodic table (7)
Group
Each vertical column of the periodic table
Chemical reaction
When one or more substances change into one or more new substances
Reactant
A substance present at the start of the reaction
Product
A substance produced in the reaction
Precipitate
A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture
The Law of conservation of mass
Mass is neither created nor destroyed
Kinetic Energy
The energy an object has because of its motion
Kinetic Theory
All matter consists of tiny particles that are in constant motion
Gas Pressure
Results from the force exerted by a gas per unit surface area of an object
Vaccuun
An empty space with no particles and no pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
The collisions of atoms and molecules in air with objects
Barameter
A device used to measure atmospheric pressure
Pascal(P)
SI unit of pressure
Standard Atmosphere (atm)
Pressure required to support 760mm of mercury in a merc. barometer at 25°C
Vaporization
The conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor
Evaporization
When vaporization occurs at the surface of a liquid that is not boiling
Vapor Pressure
A measure of the force exerted by a gas above a liquid
Boiling Point
The temperature at which the vapor pressure equals the external pressure
Normal Boiling Point
The BP of a liquid at 101.3 kPa
Melting point
The temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid
Freezing Point
The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid
Crystal
the particles are arranged in an orderly, repeating 3D pattern called a crystal lattice
Unit cell
The smallest group of particles within a crystal that retains geometric shape of the crystal
Allotropes
Two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state
Glass
A transparent fusion product of inorganic substances that have cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing
Sublimation
the change of a substance from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state
Phase Diagram
The graph that shows the relationships among the solid, liquid, and vapor states or phases of a substance in a sealed container
Triple Point
The only set of conditions at which all three phases can exists in equilibrium with one another
Energy
The capacity for doing work or supplying heat
Thermochemistry
The study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and changes in state
Chemical Potential Energy
the energy stored in the chemical bonds of a substance
Heat
Energy that transfers from 1 object to another because of a temperature difference
System
The part of the universe on which you focus your attention
Surroundings
Everything else
Law of Conservation of energy
energy is neither created nor destroyed
Endothermic Process
Heat absorbed from system
Exothermic Process
Releases heat to surroundings
Heat Capacity
Amount of heat needed to increase temperature 1 degree C
Specific Heat
Amount of heat it takes to raise 1g 1 degree C
Calorimetry
The measurement of the heat flow into or out of a system for chemical and physical processes
Enthalpy
heat flow of system at constant pressure
Thermochemical equation
A chemical equation that includes the enthalpy change
Heat of Reaction
Enthalpy change for the chemical equation as written
Heat of Combustion
Heat of reaction for the complete burning of one mole of a substance
Calorie
The quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g pure H2O 1 degree C
Atom
The smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reation
Electrons
Negatively charged subatomic particles (Discovered by JJTomson)
Cathode ray
A glowing beam traveling from the cathode to the anode
Proton
Positively charged subatomic particles (Discovered by Goldstein)
Neutron
Subatomic particles with no charge but a mass nearly equal to a proton (Discovered by Chadwick)
Quarks
Smaller subnuclear particles that are believed to make up protons and neutrons
Nucleus
Tiny central core of an atom and is composed of protons and neutrons
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element
Mass number
The total number of protons in the nucleus in an atom
Isotopes
Atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom
Atomic Mass
A weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element
Radioactivity
The spontaneous emission of rays or particles from certain elements
Nuclear radiation
the rays and particles emitted from a radioactive source
Radioisotopes
Unstable isotopes
Alpha Particles
Helium nuclei, contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons and has a double charge
Beta particle
An electron resulting from the breaking apart of a neutron in an atom
Gamma Ray
A high energy photon emitted by a radioisotope
Nuclear Force
An attractive force that acts between all nuclear particles that are extremely close together such as protons and neutrons in a nucleus
Band of Stability
The region of the graph in which the stable points are
Positron
a particle with the mass of an electron but a positive charge
Half life
The time required for one half of the nuclei in a radioisotope sample to decay to products
Transmutation
The conversion of an atom of 1 element into an atom of another element
Transuranium elements
Elements with an atomic number above 92 and are radioactive