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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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solids
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rigid
resistant to flow vibrating atoms have defined shapes incompressible = constant volume densest phase |
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exception; waters ____ phase is the most dense
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liquid
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crystalline structures = solids
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crystalline
amorphous |
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crystalline
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ionic compounds
-ordered structure 3-D shape |
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amorphous
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glass, plastic
lack ordered structure lack 3-D structure |
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most solids are ____ in structure
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crystalline
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2 common crystalline structures
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metallic
ionic |
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ionic crystal solids
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positive and negative arrangement in structured pattern
-high mp high bp poor conductor in solid state good conductor in aqueous state strong electrostatic interactions empirical formula |
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metallic solids
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metal atoms packed closely
high mp high bp strong covalent attractions staggered arrangement layers of spheres |
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liquids
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condensed phase(like solid)
incompressible volume is constant free flowing aka fluids = do not resist shearing forces conform to shapes random motion can diffuse like gas |
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miscibility
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degree to which two liquids can mix
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miscible
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can mix
ethanol and water polar and polar |
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immiscible
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can not mix
oil and water non polar and polar |
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emulsion
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agitation of two immiscible liquids can result in the formation of a semi-homogeneous mixture
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what affects miscibility?
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directly: polarity similarities/difference
indirectly: density |
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phase changes are _______
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reversible
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will the water level rise/fall/stay the same when ice is placed into it and allowed to melt?
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stay the same. the ice displaces its weight in water and doesnt change
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gas-liquid EQ
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liquid = some freedom to move
-evaporation: L --> G higher temperature lower pressure |
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evaporation
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L-->G
endothermic reduces temperature of liquid |
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condensation
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G-->L
exothermic process lower temperature higher pressure |
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vapor pressure
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the pressure that the gas exerts over the liquid at equilibrium
on a graph...top line |
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vapor pressure ___ as temperature increases
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increases
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boiling pt
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temperature at which the vapor pressure = the atmospheric pressure
BUBBLES |
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liquid-solid EQ
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freezing/melting
vibrational motion of solid increase with heat addition 3D structure breaks down |
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fusion/melting
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L-->S
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crystallization/freezing/solidification
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L-->S
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amorphous solids have a _____ with their melting/freezing point
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range
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crystalline solids have a ____ with their melting/freezing point
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defined point
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gas-solid EQ
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sublimation
deposition |
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sublimation
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S-->G
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deposition
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G-->S
freezer burn |
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during phase changes, /\G =
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zero
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vapor pressure curves
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vapor pressure is the top line in the graph and bottom line is of the liquid
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/phdifig4.gif |
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volatile
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a substance that changes readily from solid or liquid to a vapor
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Delirium & Dementia (p. 129): What are the differences between delirium and dementia?
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Dementia: alert patient, gradual onset, memory loss, normal EEG, pt doesn't know he has memory problems. Delirium: rapid onset, changes in sensorium, abnormal EEG, pt. knows he has memory problems.
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colligative properties
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boiling point elevation
vapor pressure depression osmotic pressure freezing point depression |
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colligative properties are physical properties of solutions that are dependent upon the _____ of dissolved particles; not on the _____ of the dissolved particles
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concentration; chemical identity
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vapor pressure depression
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solute added to a solvent
-the solvent in the solution will have a lower VP than the VP of the pure solvent for all temperatures |
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VP depression ex)
100% water vs. 90:10 water/ethanol |
pure water = 100C BP
mixture = 95C BP the vapor composition will have less h2o in it than the pure substance |
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Raoult's Law
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P(A) = X(A)*P(A)
partial pressure EQ this applies only when attraction between the molecules of the different components of the mixture is equal to the attraction between the molecules of any one component in its pure state |
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solutions that obey Raoult's Law are _____
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ideal solutions
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boiling point elevation
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when nonvolatile solute dissolved into solvent, the BP will be GREATER than the pure BP
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hence, vapor pressure depression and boiling point elevation go HAND IN HAND....
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decreased vapor pressure leads to higher temperature = higher BP
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boiling pt elevation EQ
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Tb = i*(Kb)*m
i = how many ions it dissociates into Kb = constant m = molality = mol/kg |
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freezing point depression
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adding solute to a solvent will lower the freezing point
-intereferes with the lattice arrangement |
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freezing point depression EQ
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Tf = i*(Kf)*m
i = dissociation number Kf = constant (-1.86 for H2O) m = molality = mol/kg |
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Osmotic pressure
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hydrostatic
osmotic pressures |
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hydrostatic pressure
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push fluid volume out of the vascular compartment into the extracellular compartment
http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Illu_capillary_microcirculation.jpg |
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osmotic pressure
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tends to pull fluid volume back into the vascular compartment from the extracellular compartment
http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Illu_capillary_microcirculation.jpg |
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usually osmotic pressure associated with two compartments separated by a semi-permeable membrane that only allows water to pass...
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water will flow from high water conc to low water conc. and increase the water levels on the other side.
this will continue until osmotic pressure pushes back on the rising side to prevent the continuing influx of water from occurring |
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osmotic pressure EQ
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OP = iMRT
i = dissociation number M = molarity (mol/L) R = 0.0821atm T = kelvin proportional to molarity! |
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reverse osmosis require high levels of ______ and a semi-permeable membrane
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pressure
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