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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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allotrope
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one or more distinct forms of an element.
ex : carbon : diamond and graphite |
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H2CO3
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carbonic acid
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HClO3
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chloric acid
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HNO3
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nitric acid
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H2SO4
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sulfuric acid
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allotrope
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one or more distinct forms of an element.
ex : carbon : diamond and graphite |
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H3PO4
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phosphoric acid
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ionization energy
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energy required to remove one e-
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H2CO3
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carbonic acid
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electron affinity
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the negative of the energy change that occurs when an e- is accepted by an atom.
nitrogen has 0 the higher the number is, the more stable the negative ion that is formed Cl to Cl- has a high energy change because Cl- is very stable |
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HClO3
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chloric acid
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electronegativity
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ability to hold on to e- or attract e- in a chemical bond
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HNO3
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nitric acid
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H2SO4
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sulfuric acid
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H3PO4
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phosphoric acid
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ionization energy
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energy required to remove one e-
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electron affinity
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the negative of the energy change that occurs when an e- is accepted by an atom.
nitrogen has 0 the higher the number is, the more stable the negative ion that is formed Cl to Cl- has a high energy change because Cl- is very stable |
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electronegativity
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ability to hold on to e- or attract e- in a chemical bond
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lattice energy and equation
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the energy required to completely separate one mole of solid ionic compound into gaseous ions
ex: LiF (Qli x Qf)/r r = distance directly proportional to the products of their charges, and inversely proportional to the distance of separation between them |
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Boyle's Law
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relates P and V
P is inversely proportional to V |
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Charles Law
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relates V and T
V is directly proportional to T |
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Molar Mass of Gas equation
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M = (dRT)/P
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Henry's Law. How is molar concentration of a gas related to its pressure
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they are directly proportional
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Solubility of gas in a liquid is _____ proportional to the pressure of gas over the solution
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directly
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vapor pressure
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the pressure of the vapor resulting from the evaporation of a liquid (or s) above a sample of liquid (or s) in a closed container (all at equilibrium)
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Zero Order Rate Law
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[A]t = -kt + [A]0
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Zero Order Half Life Eqn
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[A]0 / 2k
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First Order Rate Law
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ln[A]t / ln[A]0 = -kt
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First Order Half Life Eqn
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ln2 / k
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Second Order Rate Law
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1/[A]t = kt + 1/[A]0
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Second Order Half Life Eqn
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1/k[A]0
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Collision Theory
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the rate of a rxn is directly proportional to the number of molecular collisions per second
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Arrhenius Equation (dependence of the rate constant on temperature)
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k=Ae^-Ea/RT
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Comparing two using arrhenius eqn
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ln(k1/k2) = (Ea/R)((T1-T2)/T1T2)
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rate determining step
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the slowest step in the sequence of steps leading to product formation
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difference between ice and icf boxes
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ice uses Molarity, icf uses moles
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only _____ can alter the value of the equilibrium constant
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temperature
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Examples of strong acids
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HCl, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4
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Weak Acid Examples
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most acids are weak, HF, NH4, CH3COOH
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Strong Base Examples
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NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2, NH2, OH, CN, NH3
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Weak Base Examples
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ClO4, I-, Br-, Cl-
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Ionization constant of water
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1x10^/14
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what is an oxoacid
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an acid containing O and another element attached to O. That element is usually electronegative in order to pull the oxygen towards itself and away from the H.
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The two components of a buffer
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a solution of a weak acid or base and its salt
ex : CH3COOH/Ch3COONa |
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Henderson-Hasselbach eq
(about buffer ph) |
pH = pKa + log ([conj base]/[acid])
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equivalence point
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the point at which the acid (or base) is completely neutralized by a base (or acid)
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Ksp ? Q?
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solubility equilibrium for solids (experimentally found). Q is calculated
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the higher the dispersal of energy, the (lower/higher) the entropy
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higher
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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energy can be converted, but not created or destroyed
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heats of fusion
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energy required to melt one mole of a solid
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heats of vaporization
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energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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entropy of universe increases in a spontaneous process, and remains unchanged in an equilibrium process
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equation relating enthalpy and entropy of surroundings?
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^Ssurr = -^Hsys/T
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Gibbs Free energy eqn
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^G = ^H -T^S
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eqn relating change in free energy with change in free energy under standard conditions
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^G = ^G` + RTlnQ
` = degree |
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galvanic cell
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voltaic cell. electrons flow from anode to cathode. generates electricity
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faraday's constant
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the charge of one mole of e-
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What is the Ecell?
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the maximum voltage a cell can achieve
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Ecell related to electrical work done, faraday constant and moles
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Ecell = -wele/nF
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Total charge equation
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# of e- x charge of one e- (F)
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free energy related to faraday's cconstant
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^G = -nFEcell
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electrolysis
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the process in which electrical energy is used to cause a non spontaneous rxn to occur
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electrolytic cell
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an apparatus for carrying out electrolysis
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what is amu?
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atomic mass unit. so 12 amu means one atom weighs 12 amu.
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Characteristics of alkali metals
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soft, low densities, low melting points, highly reactive
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Characteristics of alkaline metals
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harder than alkali metals, more dense, melt at higher temperatures,
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