Chemical Digestion & Absorption

Front 1

What enzyme breaks down PROTEIN?

Back 1

Protease

Front 2

What enzyme breaks down CARBOHYDRATES?

Back 2

Amylase

Front 3

What enzyme breaks down FATS (lipids)?

Back 3

Lipase

Front 4

What hormones does the Pancreas need?

Back 4

CCK & Secretin

Front 5

Name the FAT soluble Vitamin's

Back 5

Vitamin D, E, K, A

Front 6

Name the WATER soluble Vitamin's

Back 6

B Vitamin's and Vitamin C

Front 7

How are B & C Vitamins absorbed?

Back 7

- diffusion
- passive transport

Front 8

What happens if one does not have Vitamin D?

Back 8

calcium cannot be absorbed

Front 9

How is water absorbed in the small intestine?

Back 9

osmosis

Front 10

Where does vitamin D come from?

Back 10

- synthesis of sun on skin
- dairy
- egg yolk

Front 11

Where does vitamin E come from?

Back 11

- wheat-germ
- veggie oil
- nuts
- seeds
- dark green leafy veggies

Front 12

Where does vitamin K come from?

Back 12

- green veggies
- tea
- synthesized in large intestine

Front 13

Where does vitamin A come from?

Back 13

- deep green & orange fruit
- veggies

Front 14

What does the body use vitamin D for?

Back 14

- promotes bone growth
- aids in absorption & use of calcium

Front 15

What does the body use vitamin E for?

Back 15

- antioxidant
- helps prevent damage to cell membranes

Front 16

What does the body use vitamin K for?

Back 16

- important in formation of blood clotting proteins

Front 17

What does the body use vitamin A for?

Back 17

- component of visual pigments
- antioxidant

Front 18

What are CARBOHYDRATES used for in the body?

Back 18

- source of energy
- glycocallyx

Front 19

What are PROTEIN's used for in the body?

Back 19

- muscles
- antibodies
- haemoglobin

Front 20

What are LIPIDS used for in the body?

Back 20

- insulation
- energy
- myelin sheath
- steroid hormones

Front 21

DEFINE essential nutrient

Back 21

a nutrient that our body does NOT produce on its own, so we must get it from a dietary source

Front 22

what can happen if one ingests to much Vitamin C?

Back 22

diarrhoea

Front 23

Where does vitamin B1 come from?

Back 23

- lean meats
- liver
- legumes
- peanuts

Front 24

Where does vitamin B2 come from?

Back 24

- milk
- liver
- yeast
- veggies

Front 25

Where does vitamin B3 come from?

Back 25

- nuts
- poultry
- fish

Front 26

Where does vitamin B5 come from?

Back 26

- most foods
- meats
- dairy
- whole grains

Front 27

Where does vitamin B6 come from?

Back 27

- meats
- fish
- poultry
- banana's
- veggies

Front 28

Where does vitamin B9 come from?

Back 28

- liver
- oranges
- nuts
- legumes
- whole grains

Front 29

Where does vitamin B12 come from?

Back 29

- meat
- eggs
- NOT FOUND IN PLANT FOOD's

Front 30

Where does vitamin C come from?

Back 30

- citrus
- strawberries
- broccoli
- cabbage

Front 31

What does the body use vitamin B1 for?

Back 31

- coenzyme

Front 32

What does the body use vitamin B2 for?

Back 32

- coenzyme

Front 33

What does the body use vitamin B3 for?

Back 33

- coenzyme

Front 34

What does the body use vitamin B5 for?

Back 34

- coenzyme
- involved in synthesis of STEROIDS & HAEMOGLOBIN

Front 35

What does the body use vitamin B6 for?

Back 35

- coenzyme
- required for glycogenolysis & antibody formation

Front 36

What does the body use vitamin B9 for?

Back 36

- coenzyme
- nucleic acid & amino acid metabolism
- needed for normal neural tube development in embryo's

Front 37

What does the body use vitamin B12 for?

Back 37

- coenzyme
- nucleic acid metabolism
- maturation of red blood cell's

Front 38

What does the body use vitamin C for?

Back 38

- collagen synthesis
- bone cartilage
- gums
- antioxidant
- aids in detoxification
- improves iron absorption

Front 39

Distinguish between ANABOLISM and CATABOLISM

Back 39

ANABOLISM
-building
CATABOLISM
- breaking down

Front 40

What is a NUTRIENT?

Back 40

a substance in food used by the body to promote normal growth, maintenance & repair

Front 41

What are the 6 categories of Nutrients?

Back 41

- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- vitamins
- minerals
- water

Front 42

Name 4 TRACE MINERALS

Back 42

- Fe (iron)
- Zn (zinc)
- I (iodine)
- Cr (chromium)

Front 43

Name 7 MAJOR MINERALS

Back 43

- Ca (calcium)
- P (phosphorus)
- K (potassium)
- S (sulphur)
- Na (sodium)
- Cl (chlorine)
- Mg (magnesium)

Front 44

Where does Fe (IRON) come from (food source)?

Back 44

- shellfish
- eggs

Front 45

Where does Zn (ZINC) come from (food source)?

Back 45

- meats
- seafood's

Front 46

Where does I (IODINE) come from (food source)?

Back 46

- cod liver oil
- iodised salt

Front 47

Where does Cr (CHROMIUM) come from (food source)?

Back 47

- brewer's yeast
- wine

Front 48

What does the body use IRON for?

Back 48

- component of haemoglobin
- carries oxygen

Front 49

What does the body use ZINC for?

Back 49

- prevents sunburn
- promotes healing

Front 50

What does the body use IODINE for?

Back 50

- component of thyroid hormones

Front 51

What does the body use CHROMIUM for?

Back 51

- enhances effectiveness of insulin
- involved in glucose & energy metabolism

Front 52

Where does Ca (CALCIUM) come from (food source)?

Back 52

- dairy products
- dark green veggies

Front 53

Where does P (PHOSPHORUS) come from (food source)?

Back 53

- meats
- whole grains

Front 54

Where does K (POTASSIUM) come from (food source)?

Back 54

- dairy products
- banana's

Front 55

Where does S (SULPHUR) come from (food source)?

Back 55

- sulphur containing proteins from meats / milk / eggs

Front 56

Where does Na (SODIUM) come from (food source)?

Back 56

- table salt
- cured meats

Front 57

Where does Cl (CHLORINE) come from (food source)?

Back 57

- table salt
- cured meats (ham)

Front 58

Where does Mg (MAGNESIUM) come from (food source)?

Back 58

- whole grains
- green leafy veggies

Front 59

What does the body use CALCIUM for?

Back 59

- blood clotting
- nerve & muscle function

Front 60

What does the body use PHOSPHORUS for?

Back 60

- bone & tooth formation
- nucleic acid synthesis

Front 61

What does the body use POTASSIUM for?

Back 61

- nerve function
- muscle contraction

Front 62

What does the body use SULPHUR for?

Back 62

- component of certain amino acids

Front 63

What does the body use SODIUM for?

Back 63

- osmotic pressure
- nerve function
- water balance

Front 64

What does the body use CHLORINE for?

Back 64

- acid-base balance
- gastric juice formation

Front 65

What does the body use MAGNESIUM for?

Back 65

- component of certain coenzymes in ATP formation

Front 66

Name the 3 main pathways involved with GLUCOSE CATABOLISM

Back 66

- Glycolysis
- Krebs Cycle
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Front 67

Where does GLYCOLYSIS take place?

Back 67

- cytoplasm of the cell

Front 68

Where does KREBS CYCLE take place?

Back 68

- mitochondria

Front 69

Where does ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN take place?

Back 69

- mitochondria

Front 70

DEFINE the term : GLUCONEOGENESIS

Back 70

- Glucose new creation
- non carbohydrate source

Front 71

DEFINE the term : GLYCOGENOLYSIS

Back 71

- Storage form of glucose (lysis = break down)
- long chain of INDIVIDUAL glucose molecules stuck together

Front 72

What are the BUILDING BLOCKS of Lipids

Back 72

- triglycerides (glycerol / fatty acids)

Front 73

What are excess lipids stored as?

Back 73

adipose tissue

Front 74

DEFINE the term : LIPOGENESIS

Back 74

lipo = fats :genesis = creation
- triglyceride synthesis (in times of plenty)

Front 75

DEFINE the term : LIPOLYSIS

Back 75

lipo = fats : lysis = break down
- triglycerides split into fatty acid & glycerol (in times of carbohydrate shortage)

Front 76

PROTEINS - building blocks?

Back 76

20 amino acids

Front 77

PROTEINS - uses in the body?

Back 77

- muscles
- hemoglobin

Front 78

PROTEINS - where storaged when in EXCESS?

Back 78

- oxidised for energy (krebs cycle)
- stored as fat

Front 79

what is the ABSORPTIVE state?

Back 79

- during & shortly after eating
- anabolism exceeds catabolism
- regardless of type, excess is stored as fat
- MAJOR HORMONE = Insulin

Front 80

What is the FUNCTION of Insulin?

Back 80

- inhibits any process that increases blood glucose
- enhances oxidative use & storage as glycogen within most cells or conversion to triglyceride in adipocytes
- promotes protein synthesis

Front 81

What does the Absorptive and Post-Absorptive state allow the body to do?

Back 81

allows the body to REGENERATE when energy levels are HIGH and maintains essential body processes when energy levels are low

Front 82

What is the major hormone in Absorptive state?

Back 82

INSULIN

Front 83

what is the POST-ABSORPTIVE state?

Back 83

- approx. 4 hrs after eating
- primary goal is to maintain blood glucose
- catabolism exceeds anabolism (break down storages <fat>)
- HORMONE, Glucagon & the Sympathetic NS

Front 84

What hormone is found in the Post-Absorptive state?

Back 84

GLUCAGON

Front 85

What is the role of the LIVER in METABOLISM?

Back 85

- most biochemically complex organ in the body
- 500 metabolic functions
- major role in REGULATING CHOLESTEROL levels

Front 86

What is Cholesterol?

Back 86

- type of lipid
- 15% from the diet, 85% made in liver
- it is NOT an energy source
- it is a structural basis of bile salts, steroid hormones & vitamin D
- has a major component of plasma membranes
- transported in blood bound to lipoproteins

Front 87

Which is BAD cholesterol?

Back 87

LDL - clogs arteries

Front 88

Which is GOOD cholesterol?

Back 88

HDL - cleans up excess cholesterol and takes it back to the liver for processing

Front 89

What is BASAL METABOLIC RATE = BMR?

Back 89

- what happens when u r at rest / asleep
- energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities

Front 90

Name the FACTORS that affect BMR

Back 90

- body surface area
- age
- gender
- stress
- hormones

Front 91

When the body needs energy - where does it go?

Back 91

POST-ABSORPTIVE STATE

Front 92

Metabolic FUNCTION of LIVER
Carbohydrate metabolism - what is the function?

Back 92

- converts galactose & fructose to glucose
- converts glucose to fats for storage
- glucoeogenesis

Front 93

Metabolic FUNCTION of LIVER
Fat metabolism - what is the function?

Back 93

- stores fat
- synthesises cholesterol
- breaks down cholesterol to bile salts

Front 94

Metabolic FUNCTION of LIVER
Protein metabolism - what is the function?

Back 94

- breaking down amino acids

Front 95

Metabolic FUNCTION of LIVER
Vitamin & mineral storage - what is the function?

Back 95

- stores Vitamin A
- stores Iron
- stores Vitamin D & B12

Front 96

When is Cholesterol lost from the body?

Back 96

- when it is broken down & secreted in bile salts
- eventually excreted in faeces

Front 97

what is a healthy BMI

Back 97

18.5 - 26

Front 98

List 5 factors acting to regulate food intake

Back 98

- short term regulation of food intake
- neural signs from the digestive tract
- nutrient signals related to energy stores
- hormones
- long term regulation of food intake

Front 99

Describe how the 5 factors acting to regulate food intake may inter-relate

Back 99

SHORT TERM REGULATION
- involves neural signals from the GI tract
- blood levels of nutrients and GI tract hormones
NEURAL SIGNS FROM THE digestive tract
- vagus nerve carry on a two-way conversation between the gut and the brain
- stretch receptors inhibit appetite
NUTRIENT SIGNALS RELATED TO ENERGY STORES
-blood levels of glucose / amino acids / fatty acids provide information to the brain that may help adjust energy intake to energy output
- nutrient signals that indicate fullness or satiety include, rising blood glucose levels, elevated levels of amino acids, blood concentrations of fatty acids.
HORMONES
- insulin and CCK
released during food absorption act as satiety signals to suppress hunger.
LONG TERM REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE
- hormone LEPTIN (thin) is secreted exclusively by adipose cells in response to an increase in body fat mass and it serves as an indicator of the body's total energy stores in fat tissue.