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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define vitalism:
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the theory that organic compounds could only be obtained from a living source.
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Who disproved vitalism?
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Friedrich Wöhler (veuler)
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Nitrogen can form ___ number of bonds:
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single, double, and triple bonds.
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Oxygen can form __ bonds:
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single and double bonds
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Because of their bonding forces, most simple organic compounds are:
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liquids or low melting solids at room temperature; a few are gasses.
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Other important differences between organic and inorganic compounds include:
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solubility and electrical conductivity
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Are most organic compounds soluble or insoluble in water?
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insoluble
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Of the few organic substances that are soluble in water, do any conduct electricity?
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No
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What are some examples of organic molecules that are soluble in water?
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Only small, polar organic molecules such as glucose and ethyl alcohol, or large molecules with many polar groups, such as some proteins.
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How many organic molecules are described in scientific literature?
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More than 18 million
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Define a Functional group:
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An atom or group of atoms within a molecule that has characteristic physical and chemical behavior.
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Define a Hydrocarbon:
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An organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen.
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Are functional groups always part of a larger molecule?
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yes
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What is an important property of functional groups in regards to their reactions?
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that a given functional group tends to undergo the same reactions in every molecule that contains it.
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The chemistry of an organic molecule is primarily determined by:
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the functional groups it contains, not by its size or complexity.
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Describe Alkanes:
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they are hydrocarbons that form only single bonds and do not have functional groups.
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Describe Alkenes:
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they are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond functional group.
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Describe Alkynes:
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they are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon triple bond functional group.
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Describe Arenes:
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they are hydrocarbons that contain a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with three alternating double bonds.
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What is the general rule for ALL hydrocarbons except methane?
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each carbon must be bonded to at least one other carbon.
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The general formula for Alkanes is:
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CⁿHⁿ₂₊₂, where n is the number of carbons in the compound.
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Define Isomers:
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Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
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Define Straight-Chain alkane:
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An alkane that has all its carbons connected in a row.
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Define Branched-chain alkane:
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An alkane that has a branching connection of carbons.
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What is the trick to determine if an alkane is a straight-chain or branched-chain?
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You can draw a line through all the carbon atoms in a straight-chain alkane without lifting your pencil. In a branched-chain, you must either retrace your steps or lift your pencil from the paper to draw a line through all the carbons.
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Define Constitutional Isomers:
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Compounds with the same molecular formula but different connections among their constituent atoms.
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How do Constitutional isomers differ amongst themselves?
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They have different chemical and physical properties and different physiological effects.
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When the molecular formula contains atoms other than carbon and hydrogen, the constitutional isomers obtained can also be:
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Functional Group Isomers.
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Define Functional Group Isomers:
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Isomers that have the same molecular formula but belong to different chemical families due to differences in bonding.
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What are functional group isomers?
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Organic compounds that contain more than just hydrogen and carbon and form constitutional isomers that differ in both molecular connection and family classification.
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A shorthand way of drawing structures in which C-C and C-H bonds are understood rather than shown.
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Condensed structure
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Another name for a CH₂ unit:
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Methylene
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Also known as line angle structure, a shorthand way of drawing structures in which carbon and hydrogen atoms are not explicitly shown. Instead, a carbon atom is understood to be wherever a line begins or ends and at every intersection of two lines, and hydrogens are understood to be wherever they are needed to have each carbon form four bonds.
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Bond line structure
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What are the steps for converting bond line formulas to condensed formulas?
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1) Place C's at the ends of lines and at vertices.
2) Write in H's so that each C has four bonds. 3) Re-write as a condensed formula |
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The specific three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule achieved through rotations around carbon-carbon single bonds.
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Conformation
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Molecular structures having identical connections between atoms and directly interconvertible through C-C bond rotations; that is, they represent identical compounds.
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Conformer
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Conformers differ from one another as a result of:
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rotation around C-C single bonds.
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At any given moment, most conformers have this conformation:
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the least crowded, lowest energy extended conformation.
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How do you determine if two structures are conformers or not?
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Name each one using IUPAC rules. If they have the same name, then they are conformers of the same compound.
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Define Substituent:
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An atom or group of atoms attached to a parent compound.
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The current system of naming organic compounds is one devised by:
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the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; IUPAC (eye-you-pack)
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In the IUPAC system for organic compounds, a chemical name has __ parts:
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3 parts; a prefix, parent, and suffix.
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In the IUPAC system for organic compounds, describe what the prefix specifies:
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The prefix specifies the location of functional groups and substituents in the molecule.
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In the IUPAC system for organic compounds, describe what the parent specifies:
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The parent specifies how many carbon atoms are present in the longest continuous chain.
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In the IUPAC system for organic compounds, describe what the suffix specifies:
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the suffix specifies what family the molecule belongs to.
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An Alkyl group is:
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The part of an alkane that remains when a hydrogen atom is removed. (the methyl, propyl, butyl etc. groups are all Alkyl groups)
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Methyl group:
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the -CH₃ alkyl group.
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Ethyl group:
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The -CH₂CH₃ alkyl group.
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Propyl group:
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The straight-chain alkyl group -CH₂CH₂CH₃.
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Isopropyl group:
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The branched-chain alkyl group -CH(CH₃)₂.
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What is the trick to remembering Alkyl groups?
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1) Remove one H from the Alkane.
2) Replace the -ane ending of the parent alkane with an -yl ending. i.e.. Methane, CH₄ becomes the Methyl Group, CH₃ |
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The primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary designation given to Carbon atoms attached to other Carbon atoms applies only to:
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carbons having only single bonds.
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How many steps to naming Branched-chain Alkanes are there and what are they?
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1) Name the main chain.
2) Number the Carbon atoms in the main chain beginning at the end nearer the first branch point. 3) Identify the branching substituents and number each according to its point of attachment. If there are two substituents on the same carbon, assign the same number to both. There must always be as many numbers in the name as there are substituents. 4) Write the name as a single word using hyphens to separate the numbers from the different prefixes and commas to separate numbers if necessary. If two or more substituent groups are present, cite them in alphabetical order. If two or more identical substituents are present, use prefixes but do not use these prefixes when alphabetizing. |
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Describe the state of each at room temperature:
-Alkanes with 1 - 4 carbon atoms -Alkanes with 5 - 15 carbon atoms -Alkanes with 16 or more carbon atoms |
-Alkanes with 1 - 4 carbon atoms are gases at room temp.
-Alkanes with 5 - 15 carbon atoms are liquids at room temp. -Alkanes with 16 or more carbon atoms are generally low-melting, waxy solids. |
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Which one is less dense, the Alkanes or water?
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The Alkanes are less dense, generally they will float on water.
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Describe the properties of Alkanes:
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-Odorless; colorless; tasteless; non-toxic
-Non-polar; less dense than water -Flammable, otherwise not very reactive. |
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What don't Alkanes react with?
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Alkanes don't react with acids, bases, or most other common laboratory reagents.
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What do Alkanes react with?
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Their only major reactions are with oxygen (combustion) and with halogens (halogenation).
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Define combustion:
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A chemical reaction that produces a flame, usually because of burning with oxygen.
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Give the definition of a Cycloalkane:
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An alkane that contains a ring of carbon atoms.
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Halogenation usually involves which halogens?
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Cl or Br
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Define halogenation:
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The replacement of an alkane hydrogen by a halogen, usually chlorine or bromine, in a process initiated by heat or light.
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During a halogenation reaction, how many H's are replaced at a time?
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only one H at a time is replaced; however, if the reaction is allowed to continue for a long enough time, all the H's will be replaced.
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Following the convention of writing reactions in organic chemistry, what goes above the arrow and what goes below? Is it customary to balance the equation?
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reactants and reagents go above the arrow and conditions (such as heat), solvents, and catalysts below the arrow. It is customarily not necessary to balance equations.
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The general formula for cycloalkanes is:
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CⁿH₂ⁿ
Where n is the number of Carbons. |
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What are the steps to naming cycloalkanes?
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1) Start numbering at the substituent that has alphabetical priority.
2) Proceed around the ring in the direction that gives the second substituent the lower possible number. |
