Physio 2B Ch. 18 Blood

Front 1

The circulatory system consists of:

Back 1

the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Front 2

The cardiovascular system refers to:

Back 2

only the heart and vessels

Front 3

the study of blood is called:

Back 3

hematology

Front 4

the circulatory system functions for:

Back 4

transport, protection, & regulation

Front 5

Adults have about ___ to ___ L of blood:

Back 5

4-6L

Front 6

Blood is a liquid connective tissue composed of:

Back 6

cells + matrix

Front 7

The matrix of blood is:

Back 7

plasma

Front 8

A clear, light yellow fluid consisting a little over half (~55%) of the blood volume.

Back 8

plasma

Front 9

Suspended in the plasma are the:

Back 9

formed elements

Front 10

the formed elements of blood include:

Back 10

cells and cell fragments, including: RBC, WBC, & platelets.

Front 11

Are all the formed elements cells?

Back 11

No, the platelets aren't cells, they are cell fragments.

Front 12

The ground substance of blood is the:

Back 12

serum

Front 13

Name the Leukocytes:

Back 13

the Granulocytes:
-Basophils
-Eosinophils
-Neutrophils

and the Agranulocytes
-Monocytes
-Lymphocytes

Front 14

The ratio of formed elements to plasma can be seen by spinning a tube in a centrifuge. The ___________ settle to the bottom because they are the densest elements and typically constitute ___% of the total blood volume. This value is called:

Back 14

The erythrocytes settle to the bottom; 45% of the total blood volume; this value is called: the Hematocrit

Front 15

The buffy coat is made up of:
What % of blood volume?
What color?

Back 15

WBC's & platelets; <1% of blood volume; cream color

Front 16

Mix of water, proteins,nutrients, electrolytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases found in blood:

Back 16

Plasma

Front 17

When the blood clots and the solids are removed, the remaining fluid is the:

Back 17

blood serum

Front 18

Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of:

Back 18

the clotting protein fibrinogen

Front 19

The most abundant plasma solute by weight in the blood is:
Quantity?

Back 19

protein, totalling 6-9g/dL

Front 20

The 3 major categories of plasma proteins are:

Back 20

-Fibrinogen
-Albumin
-Globulins

Front 21

The smallest and most abundant plasma protein is__________, which contributes to the viscosity and osmolarity of blood

Back 21

Albumin

Front 22

plasma proteins that play various roles in solute transport, clotting, & immunity and are named: from smallest to largest, alpha, beta, and gamma:

Back 22

Globulins

Front 23

soluble precursor to fibrin; forms the framework of a blood clot:

Back 23

fibrinogen

Front 24

What organ produces plasma proteins?
At what rate?
All except?

Back 24

the liver produces as much as 4g per hour, all EXCEPT gamma globulins which come from plasma cells.

Front 25

What is the typical blood volume/body weight?

Back 25

80-85mL/kg

Front 26

What is the typical blood viscosity for:
Whole blood?
Plasma?

Back 26

whole blood viscosity (relative to water) = 4.5 - 5.5
Plasma viscosity (relative to water) = 2.0

Front 27

The most abundant electrolyte is________, which makes up ___% of plasma cations.

Back 27

sodium; 90%

Front 28

________ is the contribution of proteins to the osmolarity of blood.

Back 28

colloid osmotic pressure

Front 29

Function of blood that: transports O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones, and heat

Back 29

Transport function of blood:

Front 30

Function of blood that includes:
-Platelets & clotting
WBCs:
-Immunity &
-Inflammation

Back 30

Protection function of blood:

Front 31

Function of blood that includes:
Chemistry”
-pH & buffering of ECF & blood
“Amount”
-Fluid and electrolyte balance

Back 31

Regulation function of blood:

Front 32

Blood is ___% of body weight:

Back 32

8%

Front 33

What is the temp. of blood?

Back 33

100.4°F (38°C)

Front 34

clear extracellular fluid of blood:

Back 34

Plasma

Front 35

mostly water+PROTEINS of blood

Back 35

= matrix = Plasma

Front 36

resistance to flow =

Back 36

viscosity, which in blood is 5 times higher than water

Front 37

Number of dissolved particles in blood:

Back 37

Osmolarity

Front 38

most important affectors of blood osmolarity:

Back 38

sodium ions & plasma proteins (albumins)

Front 39

# of moles (of substance) per liter of solution

Back 39

Molarity

Front 40

# of osmoles per liter of solution

Back 40

Osmolarity

Front 41

1 mole of dissolved PARTICLES: (not necessarily = to the number of moles of the SUBSTANCE you put in!)
Depends on whether the substance is IONICALLY bonded or COVALENTLY bonded

Back 41

1 osmole

Front 42

1 Mole glucose= How many osm of glucose soln. ?

Back 42

1 Mole glucose = 1 osm glucose solution

Front 43

1 Mole NaCl = How many osm of nacl soln.?

Back 43

1 Mole NaCl = 2 osm (Na+) + (Cl-) solution

(NaCl disassociates in solution to twice the number of particles)

Front 44

the process of blood cell production

Back 44

Hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis

Front 45

Balance between Blood and ECF depends on:

Back 45

1) Filtration OUT of capillary
-affected by Pressure, osmolarity & viscosity

2) Reabsorption in by OSMOSIS

Front 46

causes fluid absorption into blood (from gut & ECF) = raises BP

Back 46

High blood osmolarity

Front 47

causes fluid to remain in tissues = lowers BP, may result in edema

Back 47

Low blood osmolarity

Front 48

Plasma Protein Deficiency can be caused by:

Example:

Back 48

-liver disease or
-starvation
-Changes Body Osmolarity Balance!

example: Kwashiorkor

Front 49

Explain how kwashiorkor works:

Back 49

Canabalize tissues → muscle wasting
Low Protein Diet → low protein levels in body → low blood osmolarity ↓↑
Fluid buildup in tissues → & ascites

Front 50

The three major formed elements are:

Back 50

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

Front 51

what is the RBC/µL?

Back 51

5 million/µL

Front 52

what is the Platelet count/µL?

Back 52

130,000 to 360,000

Front 53

Packed cell volume =

Back 53

hematocrit or Hct

Front 54

what is the total WBC count/µL?

Back 54

5,000 to 10,000/µL

Front 55

RBC's are about ___µm in diameter and are in circulation about ____days.

Back 55

RBC's are about 7.5 µm in diameter and are in circulation about 120 days.

Front 56

The contribution of protein to blood osmotic pressure is called:

Back 56

colloid osmotic pressure (COP)

Front 57

The production of blood, esp. its formed elements:

Back 57

hemopoiesis

Front 58

The first hemopoietic tissues of the human embryo form in the:

Back 58

yolk sac

Front 59

Blood islands form on the yolk sac that make stem cells that colonize the developing:

Back 59

bone marrow, liver, spleen, and thymus.

Front 60

myeloid hemopoiesis

Back 60

Blood formation in the bone marrow

Front 61

lymphoid hemopoiesis

Back 61

Blood formation in the lymphatic organs

Front 62

All formed elements trace their origins to a common type of bone marrow stem cell called the:

Back 62

pluripotent stem cell

Front 63

Pluripotent stem cells (PPSC) or hemopoietic stem cells (formerly called hemocytoblasts); some go on to differentiate into a variety of more specialized cells called:

Back 63

colony-forming units (CFUs), each type destined to produce one or another class of formed elements.

Front 64

two cytoskeletal proteins that give the membrane resilience and durability in RBCs

Back 64

spectrin and actin

Front 65

biconcave & anucleate blood cells

Back 65

RBC's

Front 66

the cytoplasm of the RBC consists mainly of:

Back 66

a 33% solution of hemoglobin

Front 67

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of CO2 +H2O ←→H2CO3 in the blood.

Back 67

carbonic anhydrase (CAH)

Front 68

Hemoglobin consists of four proteins called:

Back 68

globins:
-alpha
-beta

Front 69

the matrix of the blood=

Back 69

plasma

Front 70

each globin chain is conjugated with a nonprotein moiety called the __________, which binds oxygen to a ferrous ion (Fe2+) at its center.

Back 70

heme group

Front 71

Each heme can carry _____ molecules of O2, which means that the hemoglobin as a whole can carry _____ molecules of O2.

Back 71

1; hemoglobin as a whole =4 O2's

Front 72

how much of the CO2 in the blood is carried by hemoglobin?

Back 72

5%

Front 73

Hemoglobin type that has 2 alpha & 2 beta globins with 4 heme groups:
What % of total adult hemoglobin?

Back 73

Adult Hemoglobin (HbA); 97.5%

Front 74

Hemoglobin type that has 2 alpha and 2 delta chains:
What % of total adult hemoglobin?

Back 74

HbA2; 2.5%

Front 75

type of hemoglobin produced by the fetus is called:

Which globins?

Back 75

fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

globins=2 alpha & 2 gamma

Front 76

which carries more oxygen, HbA or HbF?

Back 76

HbF binds oxygen more tightly enabling the fetus to extract oxygen from the mother's BLOODSTREAM.

Front 77

test that determines the the percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBC's

Back 77

hematocrit (packed cell volume (PCV))

Front 78

what is the hemoglobin concentration of whole blood?

Back 78

15 g/dL

Front 79

the RBC lives for approximately ________.

Back 79

approx. 120 days from the time is was produced in the red bone marrow, until it dies.

Front 80

hematocrit range for men:
for women:

Back 80

men= 42 to 52%
women= 37% to 48%

Front 81

each RBC contains about ____ millions molecules of hemoglobin

Back 81

280 million molecules

Front 82

erythrocyte production is called:

Back 82

erythropoiesis

Front 83

How long does erythropoiesis take?

Back 83

3 to 5 days

Front 84

describe the process of erythropoiesis:

Back 84

PPSC → ECFU (which has receptors for Erythropoietin EPO) → Erythroblasts (multiply & synthesize hemoglobin) → nucleus shrivels and is discharged from the cell and becomes: reticulocyte → reticulocytes leave bone marrow and enter blood circulation → 1 to 2 days later, polyribosomes disintegrate, reticulocyte becomes mature erythrocyte

Front 85

what does erythropoietin (EPO) do?

Back 85

erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates the ECFU to transform into an erythroblast (normoblast)

Front 86

what % of circulating RBC's are reticulocytes?

Back 86

0.5% to 1.5%

Front 87

Fe3+ =
Fe2+ =

Back 87

Fe3+ = Ferric
Fe2+ = Ferrous

Front 88

A protein called ____________, produced by the stomach, binds Fe2+ and transports it to the small intestine. Here it is absorbed into the blood and binds to a plasma protein called ____________ and travels to the bone marrow, liver, & other tissues.

Back 88

A protein called GASTROFERRITIN, produced by the stomach, binds Fe2+ and transports it to the small intestine. Here it is absorbed into the blood and binds to a plasma protein called TRANSFERRIN and travels to the bone marrow, liver, & other tissues.

Front 89

The liver binds surplus iron to a protein called _________ forming an iron-storage complex called _________.

Back 89

The liver binds surplus iron to a protein called APOFERRITIN forming an iron-storage complex called FERRITIN.

Front 90

_________ releases Fe2+ into circulation when needed.

Back 90

FERRITIN releases Fe2+ into circulation when needed.

Front 91

How many RBC's are produced each second?

Back 91

2.5 million

Front 92

oxygen deficiency in the blood =

Back 92

hypoxemia

Front 93

describe the negative feedback loop that maintains RBC count:

Back 93

-drop in RBC count causes hypoxemia & hypoxia in tissues
-Kidneys detect hypoxemia & ↑ EPO production which stimulates bone marrow
-RBC count ↑ in 3 - 4 days

Front 94

What are some causes of hypoxemia?

Back 94

-low levels O2 (↑ altitude)
-increase in exercise
-loss of lung tissue in emphysema

Front 95

What organs produces EPO?

Back 95

the kidneys

Front 96

The most abundant nitrogenous waste is:

Back 96

Urea, a byproduct of amino acid catabolism

Front 97

The rupture of RBC's which releases hemoglobin and leaves empty plasma membranes.

Back 97

hemolysis

Front 98

How do the old RBC membranes get disposed of?

Back 98

by macrophages in the liver & spleen

Front 99

Macrophages start the process of breaking down hemoglobin by:
then what?

Back 99

separating the heme from the globin. Then, they hydrolyze the globin into free amino acids which become part of the bodies free amino acid pool.

Front 100

What happens to the heme in the breakdown of hemoglobin?

Back 100

After the macrophages separate the heme from the globin, the iron is removed and released into the blood where it combines with transferrin. Then the rest of the heme is converted into a greenish pigment called biliverdin, then a yellow-green pigment called bilirubin. The bilirubin binds to albumin in the blood plasma and goes to the liver. The liver removes it from the albumin and secretes it into the bile.

Front 101

biliverdin & bilirubin are collectively known as the:

Back 101

bile pigments

Front 102

The gallbladder discharges the bile into the small intestines, where bacteria convert bilirubin to:

Back 102

urobilinogen

Front 103

___________ is responsible for the brown color of feces.

Back 103

urobilinogen

Front 104

Another hemoglobin breakdown pigment, __________, produces the yellow color of urine.

Back 104

urochrome

Front 105

Jaundice is caused by a high level of ____________ in the blood, which could signal liver disease or other problem with __________ disposal.

Back 105

Jaundice is caused by a high level of BILIRUBIN in the blood, which could signal liver disease or other problems with BILIRUBIN disposal.

Front 106

Any excess of RBC's is called:

Back 106

polycythemia

Front 107

Any deficiency of either RBC's or hemoglobin is called:

Back 107

anemia

Front 108

Polycythemia that is due to cancer of the erythropoietic line of red bone marrow.

Polycythemia from all other causes is called:

Back 108

Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera)

From all other causes is called: secondary polycythemia

Front 109

Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera) can result in a RBC count as high as______ and a hematocrit as high as __________.

Back 109

11 million RBC's/µL and a hematocrit as high as 80%

Front 110

secondary polycythemia is characterized by RBC counts as high as:

Back 110

6 to 8 million RBC's/µL

Front 111

secondary polycythemia can be caused by:

Back 111

dehydration & hypoxemia

Front 112

The three types of anemia are:

Back 112

1) Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
2) Hemoragic anemia (from bleeding)
3) Hemolytic anemia (from RBC destruction)

Front 113

What causes inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis?

Back 113

-kidney failure (↓ erythropoietin)
-Iron deficiency
-pernicious anemia (vit. B12 deficiency)

Front 114

Pernicious anemia can be caused when the glands of the stomach fail to produce:

Back 114

intrinsic factor (which the small intestine needs to absorb B12)

Front 115

what are the three consequences of anemia:

Back 115

1) hypoxia
2) ↓ blood osmolarity (resulting in edema)
3) ↓ blood viscosity (causes tachycardia)

Front 116

sickle-cell disease affects appox. ____% of black people.

Back 116

1.3%

Front 117

what is different in sickle-cell hemoglobin (HbS) from HbA?

Back 117

Instead of glutamic acid in the 6th amino acid of the beta chain, HbS has VALINE.

Front 118

Individuals with two identical alleles, ie. CC or cc, are said to be:

Back 118

homozygous for that trait

Front 119

Individuals with two different alleles, ie. Cc, are said to be:

Back 119

heterozygous for that trait.

Front 120

People who are homozygous for HbS exhibit:

Back 120

Sickle-cell disease

Front 121

People who are heterozygous for HbS exhibit:
what % of blacks?

Back 121

Sickle-cell trait; 8.8% of African-Americans

Front 122

If two carriers reproduce, their children have a ___% chance of being homozygous for HbS

Back 122

25% chance

Front 123

agglutinate =

Back 123

clump together

Front 124

Blood types are based on interactions between large molecules called:

Back 124

ANTIGENS and ANTIBODIES

Front 125

Complex molecules such as proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids that are genetically unique to each individual (except identical twins). They occur on the surfaces of all cells and enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign matter.

Back 125

antigen

Front 126

These bind to antigens and mark them, or the cells bearing them for destruction:

Back 126

antibodies

Front 127

antibodies are _______ globulins secreted from _______ cells.

Back 127

antibodies are GAMMA globulins secreted from PLASMA cells.

Front 128

One method of antibody action is ____________, in which each antibody molecule binds to two or more antigen molecules and sticks them together.

Back 128

agglutination

Front 129

blood types are based on antigens called ____________ on the surface of ______ & antibodies called _________ in the blood plasma.

Back 129

blood types are base on antigens called AGGLUTINOGENS on the surface of RBC's & antibodies called AGGLUTININS in the blood plasma.

Front 130

The blood types A, B, AB, & O form the:

Back 130

ABO blood group

Front 131

A plasma antibody specifically to the ABO sugars
anti-A & anti-B

Back 131

Agglutinin

Front 132

antigens on RBC's are called:

Back 132

agglutinogens

Front 133

plasma antibodies that attack the antigens on RBC's are called:

Back 133

agglutinins

Front 134

A mismatch of blood types in a transfusion causes:

Back 134

transfusion reaction

Front 135

the principal types of antigens in the Rh group are:
The most reactive of these is:

Back 135

the principal types of antigens in the Rh group are: C, E, D
The most reactive of these is: D

Front 136

if a person has the D antigen he is considered:

Back 136

Rh+

Front 137

Are anti-D agglutinins normally present in the blood?

Back 137

No, they are only created by Rh- individuals who are exposed to Rh+ blood.

Front 138

Rh- mom who has first child who is Rh+ and develops anti-D antibodies (agglutinins) which attacks second child who is Rh+:

Back 138

hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) or erythroblastosis fetalis

Front 139

RhoGAM & Gamulin

Back 139

Drugs given to Rh- moms to inhibit her production of anti-D antibodies.

Front 140

The least abundant formed elements, totaling only 5,000 to 10,000/µL

Back 140

Leukocytes (WBC's)

Front 141

All WBC's have lysosomes called:

Back 141

Non-specific (azurophilic) granules

Front 142

The most abundant WBC's; make up 60% of the circulating leukocytes:
Also called band cells or stab cells and referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes:

Back 142

Neutrophils

Front 143

Neutrophils ↑ in number in response to:

Back 143

bacterial infections

Front 144

Neutrophils primary task is to destroy:

Back 144

bacteria

Front 145

Leukocyte with large reddish-orange granules and a two lobed nucleus; looks like an alien face:

Back 145

Eosinophils

Front 146

Eosinophils ↑ in number in response to:

Back 146

allergies & parasitic infections

Front 147

Eosinophils also stimulate ________ & _________ to degranulate, + enzymes to degrade ________ & phagocytize ___________________________.

Back 147

Eosinophils also stimulate BASOPHILS & MAST CELLS to degranulate, + enzymes to degrade HISTAMINE & phagocytize ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEXES.

Front 148

Eosinophils comprise ______% of circulation WBC's

Back 148

< 4%

Front 149

The rarest of the WBC's, these secrete histamine (vasodilator) & heparin; also release chemical signals to attract eosinophils & neutrophils to the area.

Back 149

Basophils

Front 150

Basophils comprise ___% of WBC's in circulation.

Back 150

< 1%

Front 151

Largest WBC, has a horseshoe shaped nucleus. Numbers ↑ in:

Back 151

Monocytes; viral infections:

Front 152

Monocytes make up ___% of circulating WBC's.

Back 152

<6%

Front 153

Monocytes go to work only after leaving the bloodstream and entering the ____, becoming _______________.

Back 153

Monocytes go to work only after leaving the bloodstream and entering the CT, becoming MACROPHAGES.

Front 154

The most active phagocytes are:

Back 154

Monocytes

Front 155

Lymphocytes make up ___% of circulating WBC's

Back 155

30%

Front 156

The smallest WBC are:

Back 156

Lymphocytes

Front 157

WBC with huge nucleus that leaves only a tell-tale crescent of cytoplasm at the edge.

Back 157

Lymphocyte

Front 158

The production of white blood cells is called:

Back 158

Leukopoiesis

Front 159

What are the 3 categories of Lymphocytes:

Back 159

NK cells
T cells
B cells

Front 160

These differentiate into the three types of granulocytes:

Back 160

Myeloblasts

Front 161

These differentiate into monocytes:

Back 161

Monoblasts

Front 162

These give rise to all types of lymphocytes:

Back 162

Lymphoblasts

Front 163

Myeloblasts give rise to:

Back 163

three types granulocytes: basophils, eosinophils, & neutrophils.

Front 164

A WBC count below 5,000WBC/µL is called:

Back 164

leukopenia

Front 165

A WBC count above 10,000WBC/µL is called:

Back 165

leukocytosis

Front 166

Cancer of the hemopoietic tissues that usually produces an extraordinarily high number of circulating leukocytes and their precursors:

Back 166

Leukemia

Front 167

Type of Leukemia marked by uncontrolled granulocyte production:

Back 167

Myeloid Leukemia

Front 168

Type of Leukemia marked by uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte (agranulocyte) production:

Back 168

lymphoid Leukemia

Front 169

What are the second most abundant formed elements after RBC's?

Back 169

Platelets

Front 170

the cessation of bleeding is called:

Back 170

hemostasis

Front 171

Do platelets = thrombocytes?

Back 171

NO, platelets do not ≠ thrombocytes

Front 172

Where are platelets stored? How long do they live?

Back 172

Platelets are stored in the spleen. They live ≈ 10 days

Front 173

Platelets are small fragments of:

Back 173

Bone marrow cells called: megakaryocytes

Front 174

Do platelets have organelles?

Back 174

yes, they have: lysosomes, mitochondria, microtubules, microfilaments, and GRANULES .

Front 175

Do platelets have a nucleus?

Back 175

NO

Front 176

how do platelets move?

Back 176

when activated they form pseudopods and are capable of amoeboid movement.

Front 177

Functions of platelets

Back 177

-secrete vasoconstrictors
-stick together to form temporary platelet plugs
-secrete clotting factors
-initiate formation of clot-dissolving enzyme
-chemically attract neutrophils and monocytes to sites of inflammation
-phagocytize bacteria

Front 178

The production of platelets is called:

Back 178

thrombopoiesis

Front 179

Some pluripotent stem cells produce receptors for the hormone thrombopoietin, thus becoming:

Back 179

megakaryoblasts → megakaryocyte

Front 180

Do megakaryoblasts undergo nuclear division or cytoplasmic division in order to duplicate their DNA?

Back 180

no, megakaryoblasts can duplicate their DNA without undergoing mitosis.

Front 181

how big are megakaryocytes?

Back 181

150µm in diameter and can be seen with the naked eye.

Front 182

the tendrils that a megakaryocyte sprouts and get sheared off to form platelets are called:

Back 182

proplatelets

Front 183

what are the 3 hemostatic mechanisms:

Back 183

-platelet plug formation
-vascular spasm
-coagulation (blood clotting)

Front 184

How do platelets contribute to vascular spasm?

Back 184

platelets release serotonin, a vasoconstrictor

Front 185

How do platelets contribute to platelet plug formation?

Back 185

in response to exposed collagen fibers, platelets grow long spiny pseudopods that adhere to vessels and contract, pulling the vessel closed.

Front 186

How do platelets contribute to blood clotting?

Back 186

fibrinogen → fibrin: spider web that catches platelets & blood cells like flies.

Front 187

Reaction pathway to coagulation that is initiated by clotting factors released by the damaged blood vessels and perivascular tissues:

Back 187

extrinsic mechanism

Front 188

Reaction pathway to coagulation that is initiated by clotting factors that are found in the blood itself:

Back 188

intrinsic mechanism

Front 189

Clotting factors are called _______ and are produced by the________.

Back 189

Clotting factors are called PROCOAGULANTS and are produced by the LIVER.

Front 190

Procoagulants are always present in plasma in an inactive form, but when one factor is activated, it functions as an enzyme that activates the next one in the pathway, which activates the next and so on, in a sequence called a:

Back 190

reaction cascade

Front 191

examples of anticoagulants are:

Back 191

heparin and antithrombin

Front 192

how long does the extrinsic pathway in coagulation take?

Back 192

≈15 sec.

Front 193

how long does the intrinsic pathway in coagulation take?

Back 193

3-6 min.

Front 194

what is required for both the intrinsic & extrinsic pathways to coagulation?

Back 194

calcium

Front 195

what is the first factor that both coagulation pathways have in common?

Back 195

factor X

Front 196

Describe what happens once Factor X is activated:

Back 196

Once Factor X is activated, he combines with Factors III & V in the presence of Ca²+ & PF₃ to produce: prothrombin activator.

Front 197

What does prothrombin activator do?

Back 197

prothrombin activator acts on prothrombin (factor II) and converts it to the enzyme thrombin.

Front 198

What does the enzyme thrombin do?

Back 198

thrombin chops up fibrinogen into shorter pieces called: fibrin

Front 199

The process by which 1 hormone molecule can trigger the synthesis of not just one enzyme molecule but an exponential number:

Back 199

enzyme amplification or cascade effect

Front 200

Which requires more steps, the intrinsic mechanism or the extrinsic one?

Back 200

the intrinsic mechanism requires more steps to activate X factor; that's why it takes longer.

Front 201

Platelets contract pseudopods (w/actin & myosin) and “tighten up” clot, squeezing out serum.

Back 201

clot retraction

Front 202

clot retraction takes ____ min.

Back 202

30

Front 203

Platelets and endothelial cells secrete a mitotic stimulant named:

Back 203

platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Front 204

What does PDGF do?

Back 204

PDGF stimulates fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells to multiply and repair the damaged blood vessel.

Front 205

The dissolution of a blood clot is called:

Back 205

fibrinolysis

Front 206

What are the factors involved in fibrinolysis?

Back 206

factor VII → Killikrein → Plasminogen → Plasmin

Front 207

The endothelium is normally smooth and coated with a platelet repellant called:

Back 207

Prostacyclin

Front 208

Platelets have α₂ receptors ∴

Back 208

stress ↑ clotting

Front 209

A family of hereditary diseases characterized by deficiencies of one clotting factor or another. Occurs predominantly in:

Back 209

hemophilia; Occurs predominantly in: males

Front 210

masses of clotted blood in the tissues:

Back 210

hematoma

Front 211

The abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel:

Back 211

thrombosis

Front 212

blood clot =

Back 212

thrombus=embolus

Front 213

a clot traveling in a vessel=

Back 213

embolism

Front 214

tissue death =

Back 214

infarction

Front 215

Most venous blood flows directly to the heart and then to the lungs, ∴ blood clots arising in the limbs commonly lodge in the lungs and cause a:

Back 215

Pulmonary embolism

Front 216

What are two reasons that ↓ liver function affects blood clotting:

Back 216

1) the liver synthesizes most of the clotting factors
2) synthesis of clotting factors requires Vit. K & Vit. K absorption depends on bile.

Front 217

insufficient blood flow to a tissue:

Back 217

ischemia

Front 218

cerebral ischemia characterized by dizziness, loss of vision or other senses, headache etc.

Back 218

transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

Front 219

the sudden death (infarction) of brain tissue caused by ischemia.

Back 219

a stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CVA)