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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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equilibrium constants are thermodynamic quantities that vary only with _________ |
temperature |
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what do large equilibrium constants indicate? |
most of the reactants are converted to products (more products) (products favored) |
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what do small equilibrium constants indicate? |
only small amounts of products are formed (more reactants) (reactants favored) |
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when are reactants and products equally favored? |
only when k=1 |
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if k < 1…... |
reactants are in excess of products |
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if k > 1….. |
products are in excess of reactants |
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the same form as the equilibrium constant, but the concentrations are not necessarily equilibrium concentrations (at an exact moment) |
reaction quotient |
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if Q = K.. |
system is at equilibrium |
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if Q > K….. |
reaction occurs to the reactants (left) to a greater extent |
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if Q < K….. |
reaction occurs to the products (right) to a greater extent |
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what are the factors affecting equilibrium? |
1. concentration 2. volume 3. temperature 4. catalyst (sort of) |
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if you increase the pressure, what happens to Q and K? |
Q<K and rx proceeds to the right |
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if you decrease the pressure, what happens to Q and K? |
Q > K and rx proceeds to the left |
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in an exothermic reaction, increasing the temperature will drive the reaction to the _______ |
left |
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in an exothermic reaction, decreasing the temperature will drive the reaction to the _______ |
right |
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if heat is on left side of equation, endo or exo thermic |
endo |
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if heat is on right side of equation, endo or exothermic |
exo |
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do catalysts have an effect on the equilibrium of a chemical reaction? |
NO |
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involve two or more phases |
heterogeneous equilibrium |
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the formation of ammonia is favored under conditions of ______ pressure and ______ temperature |
high; low |
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do salts always make neutral solutions? |
no |
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name the strong acids |
HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HClO3, HClO4, HNO3 |
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name the strong bases |
LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, FrOH, CaOH2, SrOH2, and BaOH2 |
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if both parents are strong, this yields a ________ |
neutral salt |
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ionize or dissociate partially, much less than 100% |
weak acids and bases |
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ionize or dissociate completely |
strong electrolytes |
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what does a single arrow in a chemical equation indicate? |
a strong acid or base |
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what is the equilibrium constant called the ion-product for water? (kw) |
1 * 10^-14 |
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what is the equation for the pH of aqueous solution |
pH = -log[H30+] |
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what is equation for pOH? |
pOH = -log[OH-] |
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pH + pOH = ? |
14.00 |
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who said an acid is "a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H+) in solution"? |
Arrhenius |
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who said an acid is "a proton donor"? |
Bronsted-Lowry |
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who said an acid is "an electron-pair acceptor"? |
Lewis |
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sour taste, dissolve certain metals, react with bases to form a salt and water, and can turn litmus paper red |
properties of acids |
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who said a base is "a substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution"? |
Arrhenius |
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who said a base is "a proton acceptor"? |
Bronsted-Lowry |
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who said a base is "an electron-pair donor"? |
Lewis |
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bitter taste, feel slippery, react with acids to form a salt and water, and turn litmus paper blue |
properties of bases
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a substance formed by addition of a proton to a bronsted-lowry base |
conjugate acid |
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a substance formed by the loss of a proton from a bronsted-lowry acid |
conjugate base |
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an equilibrium constant that expresses the extent to which an acid transfers a proton to solvent water |
acid-dissociation constant (Ka) |
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an equilibrium constant that expresses thee extent to which a base reacts with solvent water, accepting a proton and forming OH- |
base-dissociation constant (Kb) |
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the reaction of a substance with the solvent in which it is dissolved |
solvolysis (salt hydrolysis) |
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the reaction of a substance with water or its ions |
hydrolysis |
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anions that will not react with water are….. |
Cl, Br, I, NO3, ClO3, ClO4, SO4 |
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cations that will not react with water are... |
Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Ca, Sr, Ba |
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solutions of salts of strong acids and strong bases are _____ |
neutral |
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solutions of salts of strong bases and weak acids are _____ |
basic |
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solutions of salts of weak bases and strong acids are ______ |
acidic |
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solutions of salts of weak bases and weak acids can be _______ |
neutral, basic, or acidic (Ka and Kb determine the pH) |
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what is the equilibrium constant expression for the auto ionization of water? |
Kw = [H30+][OH-] |
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based on the ability of the acid to donate protons |
acid strength |
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what are the factors affecting acid strength? |
1. polarity 2. strength of bond 3. stability of conjugate base |
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the weaker the bond, the _____ the acid |
stronger |
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the more stable the conjugate base, the ______ the acid |
stronger |
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contain one ionizable H atom |
binary acid |
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contain more than one ionizable H atom |
polyprotic |
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contain the COOH functional group |
carboxylic (organic) |
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a reaction in which an acid and a base react in stoichiometrically equivalent amounts |
neutralization |
