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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
equation for Gibbs free energy
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∆G = ∆H - T∆S
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if ∆G is positive, then the reaction is...
(spontaneous, non-spontaneous, in equilibrium) |
non-spontaneous
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if ∆G is negative, then the reaction is...(spontaneous, non-spontaneous, in equilibrium)
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spontaneous
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if ∆G=0 then the reaction is (spontaneous, non-spontaneous, in equilibrium)
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in equilibrium
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a reaction is spontaeous at all temps if ∆H _ 0, and ∆S _ 0
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∆H < 0, ∆S > 0
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a reaction is nonspontaneous at all temps if ∆H_0, and ∆S_0
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∆H>0, ∆S<0
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a reaction is spontaneous at higher temps if ∆H_0, and ∆S_0
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∆H>0, ∆S>0
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a reaction is spontaneous at lower temps if ∆H_0, and ∆S_0
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∆H<0, ∆S<0
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uses a spontaneous reaction to generate electrical energy; system does work on the surroundings; all batteries use these
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voltaic cell (galvanic cell)
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uses electrical energy from an external power supply and converts lower energy reactants into higher energy products; surroundings do work on system; common in electroplating and recovering metals from ores
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electrolytic cell
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these conduct the electricity between the cell and the surroundings
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electrodes
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mixture of ions involved in the reaction
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electrolyte
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in a circuit, which way do electrons move?
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left to right
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in a circuit, which way do anions move?
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right to left
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in a circuit, which way do cations move?
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left to right through salt bridge
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In a spontaneous reaction, is Ecell positive or negative?
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positive
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the potential associated with a given half reaction when all components are in standard states; always refer to the half reaction written as reduction
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stnadard cell potential EoCell
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natural redox process that oxidizes metals to their oxides and sulfides
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corrosion
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Nerst equation
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Ecell = Eºcell - RT/ nF *lnQ
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the loss of an α particle from nucleus; A decreases by 4, Z decreases by 2
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alpha decay
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63/28 Ni -> 63/29 Cu + 0/-1 β
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beta decay
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11/6 C -> 11/5 B + 0/1 β
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positron decay
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55/26 Fe + 0/-1 e -> 55/25 Mn + h(x-ray)
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electron capture
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238/92 U -> 234/90 Th + 4/2 He + 2 0/0γ
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gamma emission
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the ration of neutrons to protons that determines stability
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N/Z ratio
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all nuclides with Z>83 are
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unstable
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nuclides with too many neutrons for stability lie above the band of stability and exhibit which type of decay
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neutron rich nuclide; beta decay
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nuclides with too few neutrons for stability lie below the band and exhibit which type of decay
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neutron poor nuclide; positron decay or electron capture
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when Z>83, the nuclides lie within the band and undergo which type of decay
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heavy nuclides; alpha decay
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uses radioisotopes to determine the age of an object; based on amount of 14C and 12C in materials; the different between 14C:12C in dead organisms and the ratio in living organisms reflects time elapsed since organism died
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radioisotopic dating
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radiation of relatively low energy interacts with an atom of a substance, which absorbs some of the energy and then re-emits it
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excitation
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causes excitation
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nonionizing radiation
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heavy nucleus splits into 2 much lighter nuclei emitting several small particles at the same time
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fission
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opposite process of fission; occurs as 2 lighter nuclei combine to form heavier one
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fusion
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