Chem 111 - Flashcards On 4/16

Front 1

Characteristics of DNA

Back 1

• double strand
• A, C, G, T
• very large
• deoxyribose sugar
• function: holds the genetic code

Front 2

Characteristics of RNA

Back 2

• mostly single strand
• A, U, C, G
• smaller than DNA
• ribose sugar
• function: involved and carries the genetic code from the DNA, translates it into amino acids and helps build new peptides in the ribosomes to result in new proteins

Front 3

What are the 3 kinds of mRNA?

Back 3

• messenger RNA
• transfer RNA
• ribosomal RNA

Front 4

mRNA carries the _____ from the gene in the DNA to the _____ of the tissue cells to synthesize _____.

Back 4

mRNA carries the genetic code from the gene in the DNA to the ribosomes of the tissue cells to synthesize new proteins.

Front 5

During replication of DNA, the complementary base pair of a strand forms a new nucleotide replacing "_____" with "_____" to result in mRNA.

Back 5

During replication of DNA, the complementary base pair of a strand forms a new nucleotide replacing "Thymine" with "Uracil" to result in mRNA.

Front 6

The genetic code for the protein synthesis is copied from the gene in the DNA to the newly created, newly formed mRNA to be carried to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, this is know as _____.

Back 6

The genetic code for the protein synthesis is copied from the gene in the DNA to the newly created, newly formed mRNA to be carried to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, this is know as transcription.

Front 7

_____ the smallest of the RNA molecules; and transfers the amino acid code from mRNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Back 7

tRNA the smallest of the RNA molecules; and transfers the amino acid code from mRNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Front 8

tRNA converts the code from the mRNA into the amino acid and delivers it to the ribosomes. This is known as _____.

Back 8

tRNA converts the code from the mRNA into the amino acid and delivers it to the ribosomes. This is known as translation.

Front 9

If the DNA template is G-A-A-C-T, What is the RNA template?

Back 9

C-U-U-G-A

Front 10

_____ carried by mRNA: consists of 3 nucleotides known as "_____": and the codons specify what amino acids should be transferred

Back 10

Genetic code carried by mRNA: consists of 3 nucleotides known as "codon": and the codons specify what amino acids should be transferred

Front 11

What are the two functions of the "AUG" codon?

Back 11

1. signals start of a protein synthesis
2. delivers "MET"

Front 12

What codons signs the end of the peptide synthesis. Therefore they are known as a _____.

Back 12

UAA, UAG, UGA; stop codon

Front 13

mRNA carries _____ → _____ (codons)

Back 13

mRNA carries the genetic code → amino acid (codons)

Front 14

tRNA translates the genetic code carried by mRNA into _____

Back 14

tRNA translates the genetic code carried by mRNA into amino acids

Front 15

Each tRNA molecule contains an _____ which is a triplet of bases that complements mRNA.

codon mRNA = UCA
tRNA anticodon =

Back 15

Each tRNA molecule contains an anti-codon which is a triplet of bases that complements mRNA.

codon mRNA = UCA
tRNA anticodon = AGU

Front 16

The enzyme _____ activates tRNA for protein synthesis. The _____ uses the anticodon in the tRNA to attach to the correct amino acid.

Back 16

The enzyme tRNA synthetase activates tRNA for protein synthesis. The tRNA synthetase uses the anticodon in the tRNA to attach to the correct amino acid.

Front 17

The codon "AUG" in the mRNA delivers "_____"

Back 17

The codon "AUG" in the mRNA delivers "methionine"

Front 18

tRNA with the anticodon "AUG" "UAC" takes the amino acid "MET" to form a _____ _____ with "AUG"

Back 18

tRNA with the anticodon "AUG" "UAC" takes the amino acid "MET" to form a hydrogen bond with "AUG"

Front 19

tRNA translates and carries a _____ to the _____ of mRNA

Back 19

tRNA translates and carries a second amino acid to the second codon of mRNA

Front 20

Two amino acids in the ribosomes form a _____

Back 20

peptide

Front 21

The first tRNA detaches from the ribosome, and the ribosome shifts to the next available codon to continue the peptide process. This is known as _____.

Back 21

The first tRNA detaches from the ribosome, and the ribosome shifts to the next available codon to continue the peptide process. This is known as translocation.

Front 22

Termination of protein synthesis

Back 22

Eventually the ribosome encounters a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) and the protein (polypeptide) synthesis

Front 23

The peptide chain is released from the _____; and the "_____" is released.

Back 23

The peptide chain is released from the ribosome; and the "MET" is released.

Front 24

The protein is activated by the side chain [R Group] interactions. And the result is a "________"

Back 24

The protein is activated by the side chain [R Group] interactions. And the result is a "biologically active protein"

Front 25

The major portion of RNA is present mostly in the ribosomes of the cytoplasm is

Back 25

rRNA

Front 26

What is genetic mutation?

Back 26

is a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence which alters the sequence of the amino acids, and this the function of a tissue cell

Front 27

Mutagens are

Back 27

1. X-Rays
2. Overexposure to sunlight (UV light)
3. insectides
4. some viruses

Front 28

Uncontrolled growth (mutagens) is due to _____.

Back 28

cancer

Front 29

Mutations alter the formation of proteins including enzymes, leading to _____

Back 29

genetic disease

Front 30

What are the two types of mutations?

Back 30

Substitution Mutation and Frameshift Mutation

Front 31

Substitution Mutation

Back 31

Bases "CCG" in the DNA produces the codon "GGC" (GLY) in the mRNA → GLY to the ribosomes

2. If "T" replaces the first "C" of CCG, so it is now TCG the mRNA codon is AGC and serene will be delivered

Front 32

Frameshift Mutation

Back 32

A base is added or deleted from the normal sequence order in a DNA

example: "A" is deleted from "AAA" the new codon "AAC" "UUG" "LEU"

Front 33

Effects of Mutations

Back 33

1. Mutation change of the amino acid sequence, losing the biological activity.
2. In the case of enzymes, they cannot bind with the substrate.
3. Enzymes cannot function as "catalysts" which result in poisons
4. A defective enzyme → changes metabolic pathways are altered which is lethal
5. When a protein deficiency due to mutation is "hereditary" is know a "genetic disease"