Chapters 7-9

Front 1

Alleles

Back 1

Different versions of a particular gene; like one for blue eyes and one for brown eyes.

Front 2

Autosomes

Back 2

Any of the non-sex chromosomes.

Front 3

Binary Fission

Back 3

Type of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryotic cell divides into two identical cells.

Front 4

Centriole/Centrosome

Back 4

Part of the cell that organizes microtubules during mitosis and meiosis.

Front 5

Centromere

Back 5

Small section of a chromosome where sister chromatids attach to each other.

Front 6

Chromatin

Back 6

Collective term for all of the DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. (DNA wrapped around histones.)

Front 7

Cytokinesis

Back 7

Distribution of cytoplasm into daughter cells in cell division.

Front 8

Diploid

Back 8

Cell containing two full sets of chromosomes, on from each parent.

Front 9

Dizygotic

Back 9

Twins that resulted from two eggs being fertilized at the same time.

Front 10

DNA

Back 10

Genetic materialconsisting of a double helix of nucleotides.

Front 11

DNA Polymerase

Back 11

Enzyme that adds new DNA nucleotides and corrects mismatched base pairs in DNA replication.

Front 12

Egg

Back 12

Sex cell from a female.

Front 13

Exon

Back 13

Portion of an mRNA that is translated after introns are removed.

Front 14

G1 Phase

Back 14

Gap stage of interphase in which the cell grows and carries out its basic functions

Front 15

G2 Phase

Back 15

Gap stage of interphase in which the call synthesizes and stores membrane components and spindle proteins.

Front 16

Gamete

Back 16

A sex cell; sperm in men, eggs in women.

Front 17

Gene

Back 17

Sequence of DNA that encodes a specific protein or RNA molecule.

Front 18

Germ-line Cells

Back 18

Cells that give rise to gametes in an animal.

Front 19

Haploid

Back 19

Cell containing on set of chromosomes.

Front 20

Helicase

Back 20

Enzyme that "unzips" DNA for replication.

Front 21

Histones

Back 21

Protein molecules that DNA wraps around to form chromatin (chromosomes).

Front 22

Introns

Back 22

Portions of an mRNA molecule that are removed before translation.

Front 23

Karyotype

Back 23

A size-ordered chart of the chromosomes in a cell.

Front 24

Lagging Strand

Back 24

Strand of RNA formed from Okazaki fragments; must move toward the replication fork.

Front 25

Leading Strand

Back 25

Strand of RNA formed continuously; can be replicated following the replication fork.

Front 26

Meiosis

Back 26

Division of genetic material that halves the chromosome number and yields genetically variable gametes.

Front 27

Mitosis

Back 27

Division of genetic material that yields two genetically identical cells.

Front 28

Monozygotic

Back 28

Twins that formed as a result of the separation of a single zygote.

Front 29

Nondisjunction

Back 29

Failure of chromosomes to separate at anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.

Front 30

Nucleosome

Back 30

The basic unit of chromatin; consists of DNA wrapped around eight histone proteins.

Front 31

Okazaki Fragments

Back 31

Short strands of DNA formed on the lagging strand of the DNA template.

Front 32

Origin of Replication

Back 32

The particular sequence where replication is initiated.

Front 33

Primer

Back 33

A strand of nucleic acid that serves as a starting point for DNA synthesis.

Front 34

Replication Fork

Back 34

Beginning of "unzipped" portion of DNA, where replication begins.

Front 35

Ribosome

Back 35

A structure built of RNA and protein where mRNAanchors during protein synthesis.

Front 36

RNA

Back 36

Nucleic acids typically consisting of a single strand ofnucleotides.

Front 37

RNA Polymerase

Back 37

Enzyme that uses a DNA template to build a molecule of RNA.

Front 38

S Phase

Back 38

The synthesis phase of interphase, when DNA replicates.

Front 39

Sex Chromosome

Back 39

A chromosome that carries genes that determine sex.

Front 40

Somatic Cells

Back 40

Body cells that do not give rise to gametes.

Front 41

Sperm

Back 41

Male gametes.

Front 42

Tumor

Back 42

Abnormal mass of tissue resulting from cells dividing out of control.

Front 43

Translation

Back 43

Assembly of amino acid chain according to the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA.

Front 44

Transcription

Back 44

Productions of RNA using DNA as a template.

Front 45

Zygote

Back 45

The fused egg and sperm cell that develops into a diploid individual.

Front 46

DNA -> RNA -> Proteins

Back 46

Central Dogma of Biology