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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cognition |
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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Concept |
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
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Prototype |
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to this provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories |
I.e. Bird > Robin |
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Algorithm |
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |
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Heuristic |
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone. |
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Insight |
A sudden realization of a problem's solution. |
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Confirmation bias |
A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |
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Mental set |
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. |
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Intuition |
An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought. |
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Availability Heuristic |
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common. |
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Overconfidence |
The tendency to be more confident than correct -- overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. |
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Belief perseverance |
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. |
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Framing |
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |
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Creativity |
The ability to produce new and valuable ideas. |
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Convergent thinking |
Narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution. |
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Divergent thinking |
Expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions. |
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Language |
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the way we combine them to communicate meaning. |
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Phoneme |
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit. |
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p.370 Morpheme |
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). |
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p. 370 grammar |
In a language, a system of rules that enables is to communicate and understand others. |
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p. 370 Semantics |
The set of rules for deriving meaning from sound |
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p. 370 Syntax |
The set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences |
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p. 372 Babbling stage |
Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
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p. 372 one-word stage |
The stage of speech development, from about age 1 - 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
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p. 372 two-word stage |
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements |
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p.372 telegraphic speech |
Early speech stages in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs |
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p.376 aphasia |
Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemispjere damage either to Broca's area or Wernicke's area |
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p.376 Broca's area |
Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
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p.376 Wernicke's area |
Controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe |
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p.379 linguistic determinism |
Benjamin Lee Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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